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. 2017 Dec 19;7:17800. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18112-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Overview of phases of FMDV infection indicating predominant trends of differential regulation of the host response. The transitional phase of FMDV infection bridges the acute and persistent phases, and constitutes the temporal window during which cattle either effectively clear infection, or develop into persistently infected FMDV carriers. In transitional terminators this phase is characterized by an activated antiviral response via induced cell-mediated immunity as well as induction of apoptosis-associated pathways. Contrastingly, the host response of the transitional carriers is dominated by inhibition of T cell activation and progression towards a Th2 polarization. The FMDV carrier state is characterized by a Th2-biased host response with sustained antibody-mediated immunity, downregulation of apoptotic pathways and activation of anti-inflammatory mechanisms.