Table 5.
Stratified analyses of effects of 100 % fruit juice on the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
| Test of heterogeneity | Unadjusted (univariate) meta-regression | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Studies (n) | Net change | 95 % CI | Overall P | P | I2 (%) | RC | se | P |
| All studies | 7 | −0·22 | −0·5, 0·06 | 0·13 | <0·005 | 73·9 | |||
| Fruit juice type | |||||||||
| Apple | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Berry | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Blend | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Citrus | 4 | −0·11 | −0·52, 0·29 | 0·58 | 0·02 | 70·8 | 0·26 | 0·44 | 0·58 |
| Grape | 1 | −0·50 | −1·21, 0·21 | 0·17 | – | – | −0·12 | 0·64 | 0·86 |
| Pomegranate | 2 | −0·37 | −0·57, −0·18 | 0·00 | 0·86 | 0 | Reference | – | – |
| Control group | |||||||||
| Sugar bev | 5 | −0·23 | −0·53, 0·07 | 0·14 | 0·01 | 71·9 | 0·38 | 0·34 | 0·33 |
| Sugar-free bev | 1 | 0·50 | −0·16, 1·16 | 0·14 | – | – | 1·10 | 0·51 | 0·10 |
| No beverage | 1 | −0·60 | −1·03, −0·17 | 0·01 | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| Volume of juice | <0·005 | <0·005 | 0·01 | ||||||
| ≤ 250 ml/d | 2 | −0·34 | −1·17, 0·48 | 0·41 | 0·86 | 0 | – | – | – |
| >250 ml/d | 5 | −0·21 | −0·51, 0·10 | 0·19 | <0·005 | 82·2 | – | – | – |
| Duration | 0·02 | 0·01 | 0·08 | ||||||
| 2–7 weeks | 2 | −0·41 | −0·59, −0·23 | 0·00 | 0·35 | 0 | – | – | – |
| ≥8 weeks | 5 | −0·01 | −0·25, 0·23 | 0·92 | 0·31 | 16·9 | – | – | |
| Baseline FBG | |||||||||
| <5·6 mmol/l | 6 | −0·22 | −0·50, 0·07 | 0·14 | <0·005 | 78·2 | Reference | – | – |
| ≥5·6 mmol/l | 1 | −1·60 | −15·68, 12·48 | 0·82 | – | – | −1·38 | 7·36 | 0·86 |
| Location | |||||||||
| Asia | 1 | −1·60 | −15·68, 12·48 | 0·82 | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| Europe | 4 | −0·28 | −0·61, 0·04 | 0·08 | <0·005 | 83·9 | 1·31 | 7·31 | 0·87 |
| North America | 2 | 0·01 | −0·97, 0·99 | 0·99 | 0·04 | 75·4 | 1·62 | 7·31 | 0·84 |
| Outcome | |||||||||
| Primary | 1 | −0·37 | −0·57, −0·18 | <0·005 | – | – | Reference | – | – |
| Secondary | 6 | −0·17 | −0·52, 0·18 | 0·34 | 0·03 | 58·8 | 0·20 | 0·39 | 0·64 |
| Study design | |||||||||
| Cross-over | 3 | −0·22 | −0·56, 0·12 | 0·20 | <0·005 | 85·4 | −0·05 | 0·35 | 0·90 |
| Parallel | 4 | −0·18 | −0·83, 0·48 | 0·60 | 0·06 | 59·9 | Reference | – | – |
| Jadad score | |||||||||
| <4 | 4 | −0·27 | −0·64, 0·10 | 0·16 | 0·05 | 60·8 | Reference | – | – |
| ≥4 | 3 | 0 | −0·08, 0·09 | 0·95 | 0·37 | 0 | 0·11 | 0·34 | 0·75 |
| Study funding | |||||||||
| Industry support | 6 | −0·22 | −0·50, 0·07 | 0·14 | <0·005 | 78·2 | 1·38 | 7·36 | 0·86 |
| No industry support | 1 | −1·60 | −15·68, 12·48 | 0·82 | – | – | Reference | – | – |
RC, regression coefficient; sugar bev, beverage matched for carbohydrate or sugar and/or energy; sugar-free bev, beverage with non-energy-containing or no added sweetener; FBG, fasting blood glucose.