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. 2017 Dec 19;7:17833. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17495-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

The expression of TGF-ß pathway genes (daf-7, daf-1 and daf-5) and JAK/STAT pathway genes (sta-1, sos-1 and sem-5) in wildtype (A), and TGF-ß pathway genes (daf-7, daf-1 and daf-5) in sta-1 mutant (B). Wildtype and sta-1 mutant C. elegans were exposed to TiO₂NPs, UV and UV + TiO₂NPs and gene expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR. The results were expressed as the mean value compared to Control (Control = 1, n = 3; mean standard error of the mean; two-tailed t-test, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01).