FIG 2.

PfEMP1-null parasites induce greater NF-κB activation in macrophages than do wild-type parasites. RAW-ELAM cells were coincubated with uRBCs, CS2-WT iRBCs, CS2-SBP1-KO iRBCs, PBS (vehicle) control, or LPS (3.5 ng/ml; n = 6) (A); uRBCs or trypsin (1 mg/ml)- or sham-treated CS2-WT iRBCs (n = 4) (B); uRBC, CS2-WT iRBCs, or CS2-PTP1-KO iRBCs (n = 3) (C); and uRBCs, 3D7 iRBCs or 3D7-UpsC^R iRBCs (n = 4) (D). Luciferase activity was measured after 12 h, and uRBC background levels were subtracted from iRBC levels. Data were normalized as fold changes over WT values; the LPS level was normalized as the fold change over the value for the vehicle-only control. Data shown are means, and error bars represent standard errors of the means. Ratio-paired t tests were performed, and a P value of <0.05 was considered significant.