Table 2. Summary of non-genomic effects of androgens on vascular tissue.

Androgen	Cell/Tissue	Effect	Reference
Testosterone	Murine macrophages	↑ Intracellular calcium ↑ PLC Activation RAS/MEK/ERK MAPK pathways	Wunderlich et al. (2002) [75] Foradori et al. (2008) [39]
Testosterone	Cardiac myocytes	↑ Release Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria	Bennett et al. (2010) [41] Foradori et al. (2008) [39]
Testosterone	Male rat osteoblasts	↑ Cytosolic free calcium ↑ IP3 and DAG formation	Lieberherr et al. (1994) [74]
Testosterone	AEC	Rapid ↑ NO eNOS phosphorylation PI3K, cavceolin-1 and c-Src binding to AR AKT phosphorylation	Son et al. (2010) [49] Yu et al. (2010) [79]
Testosterone	VSMC	Inhibits PGF2α induced Ca2+ influx	Ma et al. (2009) [81]
Testosterone	Fingertip arterial pulse	↓ Arterial stiffness Acute vasodilation	Francomano et al. (2016) [82]
Testosterone	Prostate cancer cells	TRPM-8 induced ↑ intracellular Ca2+	Zhang et al. (2004) [89]
Synthetic R1881 Testosterone	HEK-293 cells transfected with GPRC6A	↑ ERK activity	Pi et al. (2010) [128]
Testosterone	VSMC rats	ROS generation ↑ Nox1 and Nox4 mRNA ↑p47phox protein VSMC migration	Chignalia et al. (2012) [129]
Testosterone	Epidermal keratinocytes	Rapid Ca2+ mobilization from endoplasmic reticulum ↑ H2O2 generation ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential ↓ Apoptosis ↑ Duox1 stimulation ROS generation	Ko et al. (2014) [96]
Testosterone	93RS2 Sertoli cells	ERK1/2 phosphorylation CREB phosphorylation ATF-1 phosphorylation	Bulldan et al. (2016) [86]
Testosterone	Prostate and breast cancer cell lines	Activation of G proteins Up-regulation JNK gene expression ERK phosphorylation ↑ Pro-apoptotic Bax, caspase 3, cytochrome c proteins Apoptosis	Thomas et al. (2014) [87]
Testosterone	VSMC	Mitochondrial ROS generation Procaspase-8 and -3 activation ↓ O2 consumption Apoptosis	Lopes et al. (2014) [14]