Table 4.
Associations between Baseline High-Attenuation Areas and Cause of Death in 6,808 MESA Participants over 12.2 Years of Follow-up
| Underlying Cause of Death | Overall | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Respiratory | ||
| Deaths | 84 | |
| Person-years | 75,232 | |
| Mortality rate per 10,000 person-years | 11.2 (9.0–13.8) | |
| HR per SD of HAA (95% CI), adjusted for | ||
| Site/scanner, radiation dose (mA), total volume of imaged lung | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.01 |
| Plus demographics, smoking, emphysema* | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | <0.001 |
| Plus clinical variables† | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | <0.001 |
| ILD | ||
| Deaths | 20 | |
| Person-years | 75,232 | |
| Mortality rate per 10,000 person-years | 2.7 (1.7–4.1) | |
| HR per SD of HAA (95% CI), adjusted for | ||
| Site/scanner, radiation dose (mA), total volume of imaged lung | 2.5 (1.9–3.3) | <0.001 |
| Plus demographics, smoking, emphysema* | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | <0.001 |
| Plus clinical variables† | 2.3 (1.7–3.0) | <0.001 |
| CLRD | ||
| Deaths | 42 | |
| Person-years | 75,232 | |
| Mortality rate per 10,000 person-years | 5.6 (4.1–7.6) | |
| HR per SD of HAA (95% CI), adjusted for | ||
| Site/scanner, radiation dose (mA), total volume of imaged lung | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.01 |
| Plus demographics, smoking, emphysema* | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.74 |
| Plus clinical variables† | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.72 |
Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; CLRD = chronic lower respiratory disease; HAA = high-attenuation areas; HR = hazard ratio; ILD = interstitial lung disease; MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
Adjusted for total volume of imaged lung; percent emphysema; and generalized propensity score 1, which included age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, cigarette pack-years, body mass index, waist circumference, height, educational attainment, study site/scanner, glomerular filtration rate, and radiation dose.
Adjusted for total volume of imaged lung; percent emphysema; and generalized propensity score 2, which included age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, cigarette pack-years, body mass index, waist circumference, height, educational attainment, study site/scanner, glomerular filtration rate, radiation dose, alcohol use, total intentional exercise (metabolic equivalent min/wk), coronary artery calcium, diabetes medication use, insulin use, fasting glucose, hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, cholesterol medication use, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, C-reactive protein, d-dimer, and cancer history.