Table 1.
Clinical Description of Patients With Schizophrenia Included in Theory of Mind Studies
| Reference | Mean Age (SD) Patients/Controls | Gender M/F Patients; M/F Controls | Symptom Scales Mean Scores (SD) | Diagnosis/Recruitment/ Illness Duration (SD) | Medication Dose (mg): Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brüne et al19 | 27.9 (6.6)/26.5 (5.3) | 3/6; 4/9 | PANSS + 16.67 (5.7); PANSS − 15.67 (8.8) | First episode (n = 3); duration: 3 (4.23) | NLP: 244.44 (173) |
| Walter et al23 | 29.5 (6.0)/24.7 (2.6) | 6/6; 6/6 | PANSS + 17.75 (5.0); PANSS − 19.41 (3.9) | Inpatients; duration: 6.3 (5.2) | N/A |
| Benedetti et al25 | 37.2 (10.23)/35.1 (9.95) | 14/10; 7/13 | PANSS + 16 (4.58); PANSS − 21.66 (5.42) | Stable outpatients; first episode (n = 3); duration:12.7 (6.96) | Clozapine n = 9; Risperidone n = 1;, Aripi- prazole n = 2; Haloperidol n = 2 |
| Lee et al31 | 26 (4.3)/25.8 (2.2) | 7/8; 9/9 | PANSS + 13.1 (5.1); PANSS − 15.4 (4.1) | Stable outpatients; inpatients; duration: 4.6 (3.4) | NLP: 422.1 (237) |
| Lee et al24 | 38.3 (10.7)/42.5 (7.7) | 10/2; 10/3 | N/A | DSM-IV (SCID-P); stable outpatients | N/A |
| Pedersen et al18 | 29 (8.2)/29.9 (8.8) | 9/6; 9/5 | PANSS + 10.9 (2.8); PANSS − 14.9 (5.4) | Stable outpatients; duration: 5.5 (6.3) | NLP: 629.6 (395) |
| Eack et al32 | 27.8 (6.61)/26.50 (5.82) | 14/6; 13/7 | N/A | DSM-IV; stable outpatients; duration: 4.85 (3.18) | NLP: 308.08 (235.89) |
| Varga et al33 | 37.95 (9.06)/33.96 (8.51) | 9/12; 10/14 | PANSS + 13.81 (3.2); PANSS − 17.00 (5.4) | DSM-IV; remission; duration: 11.95 (8.45) | Amisulpiride n = 1; Aripiprazole n = 1; clozapine n = 4; Olanzapine n = 2; Quetiapine n = 2; Risperidone n = 2; Sertindole n = 1; Ziprazidone n = 1; Flupentixol n = 3; Haloperidol n = 1; |
| Harvey et al34 | 42.4 (11.8)/42.9 (8.6) | 13/2; 13/2 | SANS 27.1 (9.7) | DSM-IV (SCID-P); psychiatrically stable | NPL: 210 (142) |
| Bedford et al35 | 39 (11)/31 (9) | 7/4; 3/5 | N/A | DSM-IV-TR; inpatients = 4, outpatients = 7; remission; duration: 12 (8) | Anti-psychotic medication |
| Rapp et al36 | 28.1 (N/A)/32.9 (N/A) | 0/15 | PANSS + 17.4 (N/A); PANSS − 16.00 (N/A) | DSM-IV; inpatients; clinically stable | NPL: 516.0 (237) |
| Russell et al37 | 36 (9)/ | 5/0; 7/0 | N/A | DSM-IV; inpatients = 4, outpatients = 7; duration: 13 (7) | N/A |
| Brüne et al38 | 6.8 (5.5)/8.8 (4.1) | 15/7; 16/9 | PANSS + 18.2 (4.8); PANSS − 21.2 (7.1) | DSM-IV; inpatients; duration: 3.3 (3.7) | NPL: 475 (429) |
| Brunet et al21 | 31 (6.5)/23.3 (1.68) | 7/0; 8/0 | N/A | DSM-IV; outpatients | Loxapine n = 1; Oxazepam n = 1; Tropatenine n = 2; Olanzapine n = 3; Haloperidol n = 2; Dipo- tassic n = 1; Tropatepine n = 1; Risperidone n = 2; Paroxetine n = 1; Citalopram n = 1 |
| Mier et al39 | 34.25 (6.95)/37.0 (8.18) | 11/5; 11/5 | SAPS 1.5 (1.37); SANS 7.94 (2.86) | DSM-IV; outpatients | NPL: 901.59 (647.1) |
| Andreasen et al20 | 32.5 (11.0)/26.5 (6.4) | 14/4; 6/7 | SAPS 2.8 (N/A); SANS 2.1 (N/A) | DSM-IV; outpatients; duration: 8.96 (9.3) | No medication |
| Ciaramidaro et al40 | range: 14–32/ range:15–27 | 14/4; 19/4 | N/A | DSM-IV; inpatients; duration: 6.25 (3.5) | N/A |
| Das et al22 | 34.5 (8.4)/33.5 (8.4) | 20/0; 19/0 | PANSS + 10.1 (3.0); PANSS − 18.2 (5.2) | DSM-IV; duration: 9.4 (6.5) | Lithium n = 4; Sertraline n = 9; 12 were on antipsychotic medications. |
| Dodell et al41 | 38.8 (9.7)/32.4 (12.1) | 12/8; 12/6 | SAPS 3.1 (N/A); SANS 1.7 (N/A) | DSM-IV; inpatients; duration: 17.1 (12.2) | NPL: 501.6 (402.8) |
| Pauly et al42 | 36.23 (9.46)/34.46 (8.58) | 7/6; 7/6 | SAPS 4.3 (N/A); SANS 7.0 (N/A) | DSM-IV; remission; duration: 12 (6.93) | N/A |
| Lee et al43 | 31.7 (7.3)/30.5 (8.8) | 13/1; 13/1 | SAPS 6.9 (2.6); SANS 7.6 (2.8) | DSM-IV; inpatients | NPL: 354.3 (N/A) |
Note: Unless otherwise specified, neuroleptic dose (NPL) is expressed in chloropormazine equivalents and duration of illness is reported in years. N/A, data not available; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms.