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. 2017 May 23;45(13):e127. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx456

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© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 6. — Accuracy of the computationally efficient one-step estimator . The computationally efficient one-step estimator is compared with the leave-one-out influence measure I_i under scenarios when (A) there are no outliers and when (B) outliers are present. There are n = 250 samples each for cases and controls. Counts were generated from NB(μ_i, ϕ_i) for controls and NB(2^log2FCμ_i, ϕ_i) for cases with log₂FC = 2, where μ_i = exp (5 + (x_i1 + x_i2)/2) and ϕ_i = exp (4 + (x_i1 + x_i2)/2). Additional covariates x_i1 and x_i2 were simulated from binomial distributions Binom(2, prob = (0.5, 0.5)). In (B), five samples were randomly replaced by outliers simulated from Pois(exp (5)exp (4)). Non-outlying samples (in black) and outliers (in magenta) are plotted. Reference lines (in dashed blue) are drawn at the (α_out/2)th- and (1 − α_out/2)th-quantile of the variance-gamma distribution with α_out = 0.05. A diagonal reference line (in solid red) is drawn at equality of and I_i. In (B), all five outliers were identified by the one-step estimator .

Inline graphic — Accuracy of the computationally efficient one-step estimator . The computationally efficient one-step estimator is compared with the leave-one-out influence measure I_i under scenarios when (A) there are no outliers and when (B) outliers are present. There are n = 250 samples each for cases and controls. Counts were generated from NB(μ_i, ϕ_i) for controls and NB(2^log2FCμ_i, ϕ_i) for cases with log₂FC = 2, where μ_i = exp (5 + (x_i1 + x_i2)/2) and ϕ_i = exp (4 + (x_i1 + x_i2)/2). Additional covariates x_i1 and x_i2 were simulated from binomial distributions Binom(2, prob = (0.5, 0.5)). In (B), five samples were randomly replaced by outliers simulated from Pois(exp (5)exp (4)). Non-outlying samples (in black) and outliers (in magenta) are plotted. Reference lines (in dashed blue) are drawn at the (α_out/2)th- and (1 − α_out/2)th-quantile of the variance-gamma distribution with α_out = 0.05. A diagonal reference line (in solid red) is drawn at equality of and I_i. In (B), all five outliers were identified by the one-step estimator .