Table 1.
Comparisons of Mean (±SD) Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics, Empathy, and Antisocial Behavior of 5 Groups of Participants
| H (n = 18) | VCD (n = 18) | SZ (n = 18) | VSZ-CD (n = 16) | VSZ+CD (n = 13) | Group Comparisons (ANOVA or chi-square) Bonferroni-Adjusted (P < .003) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F-Statistics | Post hoc Tukey Tests (Bonferroni) | ||||||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age (y) | 36.3 ± 9.8 | 35.3 ± 9.3 | 37.8 ± 8.3 | 38.4 ± 9.0 | 34.4 ± 5.7 | 0.5, P = .712 | NA |
| Years of education | 9.9 ± 1.1 | 9.3 ± 0.8 | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 9.4 ± 1.4 | 9.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2, P = .321 | NA |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||
| Age at schizophrenia onset | NA | NA | 22.7 ± 5.7 | 27.3 ± 7.6 | 22.6 ± 4.7 | 2.9, P = .066 | NA |
| Duration of illness | NA | NA | 15.1 ± 7.1 | 11.1 ± 7.1 | 11.8 ± 5.7 | 1.7, P = .195 | NA |
| PANSS positive syndrome | NA | NA | 7.3 ± 3.0 | 7.0 ± 3.6 | 7.2 ± 2.9 | 0.4, P = .957 | NA |
| PANSS negative syndrome | NA | NA | 19.8 ± 3.7 | 17.4 ± 5.8 | 16.1 ± 4.7 | 2.3, P = .108 | NA |
| PANSS cognitive syndrome | NA | NA | 8.2 ± 3.0 | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 1.2, P = .302 | NA |
| PANSS hostile excitement | NA | NA | 9.7 ± 2.4 | 12.4 ± 3.1 | 14.3 ± 3.0 | 10.5, P < .001 | VSZ+CD, VSZ-CD > SZ |
| PANSS depression | NA | NA | 6.6 ± 1.3 | 9.4 ± 3.7 | 9.9 ± 3.7 | 5.7, P = .006 | VSZ+CD, VSZ-CD > SZ |
| CPZ score (mg/day) | NA | NA | 633 ± 395 | 599 ± 393 | 654 ± 258 | 0.1, P = .872 | NA |
| History alcohol disorders (%) | 22 | 61 | 33 | 13 | 85 | x 2 = 21.0, P < .001 | NA |
| History drug disorders (%) | 17 | 56 | 39 | 44 | 92 | x 2 = 19.8, P = .001 | NA |
| Premorbid IQ | 111 ± 11 | 105 ± 9 | 102 ± 10 | 107 ± 14 | 103 ± 11 | 1.2, P = .313 | NA |
| Empathy measures | |||||||
| IRI perspective taking | 15.9 ± 1.5 | 14.5 ± 2.8 | 14.4 ± 1.9 | 12.6 ± 2.2 | 13.6 ± 2.0 | 4.8, P = .003 | H > SZ, VSZ-CD, VSZ+CD; SZ > VSZ-CD |
| IRI empathic concern | 14.9 ± 2.4 | 15.1 ± 2.8 | 13.9 ± 3.0 | 13.4 ± 2.4 | 12.8 ± 3.5 | 2.0, P = .104 | NA |
| IRI distress | 9.0 ± 2.0 | 10.5 ± 3.3 | 13.2 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 2.3 | 10.6 ± 2.8 | 6.7, P < .001 | SZ > H, VCD, VSZ-CD, VSZ+CD |
| Antisocial behavior | |||||||
| Age at first conviction (violence) | NA | 19.4 ± 4.5 | NA | 31.1 ± 7.0 | 18.4 ± 3.9 | 23.6, P < .001 | VCD, VSZ+CD > VS-CD |
| Number of CD symptoms | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 2.4 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 60.5, P < .001 | VCD, VSZ+CD > H, SZ, VSZ-CD |
| Number of criminal convictions | 0 ± 0 | 6.8 ± 3.7 | 0 ± 0 | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 6.0 | 23.5, P < .001 | VCD, VSZ+CD > H, SZ, VSZ-CD |
| PCL:SV total score | 4.4 ± 2.5 | 12.3 ± 2.0 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 13.8 ± 3.5 | 62.5, P < .001 | VCD, VSZ+CD > H, SZ, VSZ-CD |
| Factor 1 score | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 6.8 ± 1.8 | 32.2, P < .001 | VCD, VSZ+CD > H, SZ, VSZ-CD |
| Factor 2 score | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 6.5 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 7.0 ± 2.0 | 69.2, P < .001 | VCD, VSZ+CD > H, SZ, VSZ-CD; VSZ-CD > H, SZ |
Note: H, Nonviolent healthy subjects; VCD, Violent offenders with CD/ASPD and no schizophrenia; SZ, nonviolent schizophrenic patients; VSZ-CD, violent offenders with schizophrenia but no CD; VSZ+CD, Violent offenders with schizophrenia and CD; NA, Not applicable; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; IRI, Interpersonal Reactivity Index; CD, Conduct Disorder; PCL:SV, Psychopathy Checklist:Screening Version.