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. 2017 Sep 25;159(1):106–118. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001069

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Pain.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Time–frequency distributions of single-trial EEG responses at different stimulus energies (E1-E5) and different levels of pain-related behaviors (I1-I4). Group-level TFDs of single-trial rat-LEP responses measured from the 4 central electrodes (FL2, FR2, PL1, and PR1) for each stimulus energy (E1-E5, top panel) and each level of pain-related behavior (I1-I4, bottom panel). Responses from the 4 stimulation sites were pooled. The color scale represents the increase or decrease of oscillation magnitude, relative to a prestimulus interval (−400 to −100 ms). Time–frequency features are marked with dashed black lines. Note how the magnitudes of ERP, θ/α-ERS, and γ-ERS increase with both stimulus energy and pain-related behavior. By contrast, the magnitude of δ/θ-ERD is maximal at stimulus E2 and pain-related behavior I2. Pain-related behavior l1: 0≤NRS<1; pain-related behavior l2: 1≤NRS<2; pain-related behavior l3: 2≤NRS<3; pain-related behavior l4: 3≤NRS≤4; ERS, event-related synchronization; ERD, event-related desynchronization; ERP, event-related potential; LEP, laser-evoked potential; NRS, numerical rating scale (0-4); TFD, time–frequency distribution.