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. 2018 Jan 20;28(3):180–212. doi: 10.1089/ars.2017.7120

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

Biosynthesis of NAD and NADP. NAD is synthesized de novo from the tryptophan metabolite quinolinic acid or from the preformed precursors nicotinic acid, nicotinic acid riboside, nicotinamide, or nicotinamide riboside. The nicotinamide functional group permits the reversible electron transfer reactions that allow these pyridine dinucleotides to function as electron carriers in a variety of metabolic pathways (inset).