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. 2017 Nov 15;33(50):14226–14237. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03153

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(a) Topography image and height profile of kaolinite particle adsorbed on sapphire imaged in 10 mM NaCl solution at pH 4. (c) Force map showing tip sample interaction forces on the kaolinite particle in 10 mM NaCl solution at pH 4. Note: The map is shown at 1 nm distance from the surface. (d) Surface charge map calculated by analyzing the tip sample interaction forces with DLVO theory. Force vs distance curves along with theoretical calculated forces (black lines) on (b) silica and (b′) gibbsite facet in 10 mM NaCl solution at pH 4, 6, and 9. Note: Representative force curves corresponding to each condition are taken from the area marked on the force maps at kaolinite particle. Tip parameters: for silica facet, Q = 2.16, f0= 16.97 kHz, kc= 0.367 N/m, and R= 13 ± 2 nm; for gibbsite facet, Q = 2.37, f0= 17.06 kHz, kc= 0.448 N/m, and R= 18 ± 2 nm.