Table 3.

Two-way PERMANCOVA results of candidate gene expression from brooding vs. non-brooding females: PERMANCOVA to asses effects of treatment, challenge and their interaction on the relative expression of candidate genes (ΔCt values). A condition factor (K=W/TL³) was included as covariable. Significant results are marked in bold letters. Results of the univariate posthoc analyses (ANCOVA & Tukey HSD) can be found in Additional file 2: Table S2 and Additional file 3: Table S3

Gene categories	Model	Treatment (T)		Challenge (C)		K		T*C
	R 2	F Model	Pr (>F)	F Model	Pr (>F)	F Model	Pr (>F)	F Model	Pr (>F)
All genes	0.62	0.93	0.507	0.93	0.499	1.28	0.261	1.11	0.326
All IS genes	0.62	0.74	0.608	0.94	0.453	1.45	0.208	1.08	0.349
Adaptive IS	0.67	0.57	0.619	0.48	0.708	1.68	0.216	0.76	0.489
All innate IS	0.50	1.46	0.186	2.42	0.033	1.50	0.188	1.71	0.117
Inflammation	0.19	6.92	0.015	12.28	0.001	4.09	0.044	5.69	0.022
Oxidative Stress	0.73	0.34	0.725	0.27	0.767	1.07	0.358	0.92	0.403
Various innate IS	0.59	0.22	0.796	1.97	0.178	1.25	0.303	1.33	0.280
Antimicrobial Peptides	0.52	2.59	0.101	1.04	0.421	1.76	0.207	1.21	0.374
Metabolism genes	0.70	0.88	0.431	0.87	0.463	0.52	0.666	0.69	0.555
Epigenetic genes	0.71	1.76	0.182	0.32	0.884	0.09	0.964	0.62	0.672
Developmental genes	0.66	0.68	0.519	0.45	0.616	0.82	0.376	1.60	0.235
Stress related genes	0.41	4.79	0.005	2.57	0.074	1.33	0.299	1.28	0.312
Complement Component	0.56	1.03	0.411	1.69	0.133	1.08	0.371	1.59	0.175
Sex related genes	0.71	1.76	0.182	0.32	0.884	0.09	0.964	0.62	0.672
Df Residuals / Model	7	1		1		1		1
Df Total	11