Table 3.

Factors contributing to emissions intensity of individual cattle. Results are presented as the average value across 30 cattle assigned to each system in the unit of kg CO₂-eq/kg LWG.

Source	PPc	(Range)	WCd	(Range)	HSe	(Range)
Enteric fermentation (CH4)	7.09	(6.16–8.02)	7.7	(6.43–9.70)	7.52	(5.24–9.61)
Manure management (CH4)a	1.36	(0.73–1.78)	1.83	(1.11–2.56)	1.68	(1.27–2.59)
Manure management (direct N2O)	1.15	(0.99–1.34)	1.06	(0.66–1.38)	1.06	(0.70–1.32)
Manure management (indirect volatilisation N2O)	0.2	(0.17–0.22)	0.18	(0.11–0.23)	0.18	(0.12–0.23)
Barley production	0.56	(0.44–0.69)	0.62	(0.46–0.90)	0.61	(0.50–0.87)
Ammonium nitrate production	3.56	(2.78–4.39)	0.53	(0.39–0.76)	3.32	(2.73–4.72)
Fertililser application (N2O)	2.03	(1.59–2.50)	0.3	(0.23–0.44)	1.89	(1.56–2.69)
Urine and dung from ewes on pasture (N2O)	0.6	(0.47–0.74)	0.67	(0.50–0.97)	0.66	(0.54–0.94)
Farmyard manure application (N2O)	0.43	(0.25–0.55)	0.45	(0.30–0.62)	0.52	(0.40–0.78)
Crop residues (N2O)	–	–	0.33	(0.25–0.48)	0.33	(0.27–0.46)
Indirect emissions from leaching (N2O)	0.2	(0.17–0.24)	0.11	(0.08–0.14)	0.2	(0.15–0.29)
Urine and dung from cattle on pasture (N2O)	0.25	(0.19–0.31)	0.21	(0.13–0.29)	0.19	(0.11–0.27)
Single superphosphate production	0.03	(0.02–0.04)	0.18	(0.14–0.27)	0.03	(0.03–0.05)
Othersb	1.03	(0.80–1.26)	1.8	(1.34–2.58)	1.97	(1.61–2.80)
Total	18.47	(16.32–21.71)	15.96	(13.73–20.90)	20.17	(16.63–25.61)

^aMethane arising from manure management was calculated under a deep bedding system assuming a methane conversion factor of 20% and an average annual temperature of 12 °C.

^bIncludes processes which account for <1% of the total emissions intensity: lime production and decomposition, soybean production, pesticide production, transportation and diesel combustion for machinery.

^cPP: permanent pasture.

^dWC: white clover/high sugar grass mix.

^eHS: high sugar grass monoculture.