Sample size calculation as a function of power: an example calculation demonstrating the sample sizes necessary to achieve 80% power for case-control and quantitative-trait association analyses, for SNPs with MAFs of 5%, 10%, and 20% that have relative risks between 1.1 and 1.4. Calculation assumes PTSD prevalence of 15%, additive model, a type I error rate of 5 × 10−8, and perfect LD between marker and trait allele for MAF > 5%. Calculations were based on a 1:3 PTSD case-control ratio for quantitative traits such as PTSD symptoms. Abbreviations: LD, linkage disequilibrium; MAF, minor allele frequency; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; QTL, quantitative trait locus; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; VE, environmental variance.