Table 2.
Associations Between Neighborhood Deprivation Index and All-Cause Mortality Among Men, the Southern Community Cohort Study
| Neighborhood deprivation index | Cohort | Deaths | Median age at death, years | HR (95% CI)a | HR (95% CI)b | HR (95% CI)c | HR (95% CI)d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants | |||||||
| Q1 (least deprived) | 3,456 | 438 | 60 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Q2 | 4,554 | 697 | 60 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) |
| Q3 | 5,976 | 1,003 | 60 | 1.23 (1.10, 1.38) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.31) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) |
| Q4 (most deprived) | 17,468 | 3,212 | 58 | 1.41 (1.27, 1.57) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.24) | 1.29 (1.16, 1.43) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | 0.008 | <0.0001 | 0.03 | |||
| African American participants | |||||||
| Q1 (least deprived) | 1,234 | 153 | 60 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Q2 | 1,962 | 280 | 59 | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) |
| Q3 | 3,340 | 548 | 59 | 1.26 (1.06, 1.51) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.29) | 1.21 (1.01, 1.45) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.29) |
| Q4 (most deprived) | 14,881 | 2,674 | 58 | 1.41 (1.20, 1.66) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33) | 1.29 (1.10, 1.52) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.30) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | 0.02 | <0.0001 | 0.05 | |||
| White participants | |||||||
| Q1 (least deprived) | 2,006 | 257 | 60 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Q2 | 2,348 | 375 | 60 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.26) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) |
| Q3 | 2,362 | 416 | 61 | 1.17 (1.00, 1.37) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) |
| Q4 (most deprived) | 2,143 | 467 | 59 | 1.45 (1.24, 1.70) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.36) | 1.28 (1.09, 1.50) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.31) |
| p-trend | <0.0001 | 0.06 | 0.002 | 0.16 |
Notes: Comparison groups for neighborhood deprivation index were created by dividing participants into quartiles based on the distribution of neighborhood deprivation index value of all the census tracts in the 12 states that encompass the Southern Community Cohort Study recruitment area. Q1 represents participants who reside in neighborhoods with the least deprived values for neighborhood deprivation index.
HRs are estimated using Cox models with age as the time scale and stratified by birth year. Statistical models are adjusted for enrollment source, and race.
Adjusted for enrollment source, race, education, income, marital status, and insurance status.
Adjusted for enrollment source, race, smoking status, alcohol intake, diet quality, physical activity, and sedentary time.
Adjusted for enrollment source, race, education, income, marital status, insurance status, smoking status, alcohol intake, diet quality, physical activity, and sedentary time.
HR, hazard ratio; Q1–Q4, quartile 1–4.