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. 2017 Nov 24;12(9):764–778. doi: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1346775

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Figure 8. — Proposed model of changes in epigenetic status before and after establishing hiONs from hiPSCs and epigenetic silencing by hyperglycemia in orexin neurons. (A) Epigenetic status in HCRT expressing and non-expressing cells on HCRT gene locus. (B) Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and sialic acid synthetic pathway. Some glucose is metabolized by the HBP into UDP-GlcNAc, ManNAc, and sialic acid. UDP-GlcNAc is used to modify O-GlcNAc in cells, while sialic acid is essential for extracellular bioactivity. ManNAc is an intermediate of UDP-GlcNAc and is a precursor of sialic acid. ManNFAc, a potent ManNAc derivative, enters the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway, while 5S-ManNAc, another potent derivative, does not.