Table 3.

Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)^a for Rice, Macaroni, and Bread Consumption Among Male and Female Participants and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer (CRC).

	Category of Consumption
Item	Never	1/4 the Meals	1/2 the Meals	≥3/4 of the Meals	P for Trend
Refined bread
Male
No. of cases	6	5	5	100	.030
No. of controls	17	7	7	101
AOR (95% CI)	1	2.2 (0.34-14.42)	1.7 (0.20-14.9)	3.5 (0.88-14.3)
Female
No. of cases	10	3	7	84	.167
No. of controls	25	9	6	109
AOR (95% CI)	1	2.6 (0.20-33.12)	3.7 (0.24-59.6)	2.8 (0.56-13.9)
Whole wheat bread
Male
No. of cases	89	11	5	11	.004
No. of controls	79	22	7	24
AOR (95% CI)	1	0.50 (0.18-1.4)	0.43 (0.08-2.4)	0.37 (0.14-1.0)
Female
No. of cases	62	22	7	13	.029
No. of controls	73	36	6	34
AOR (95% CI)	1	0.45 (0.15-1.4)	1.0 (0.11-9.3)	0.39 (0.10-1.5)
	Category of Consumption
Item	Rarelyb	Monthly	Weekly	Daily	P for trend
Rice
Male
No. of cases	3	4	56	53	.610
No. of controls	2	2	77	51
AOR (95% CI)	1	9.0 (0.36-305.8)	1.0 (0.14-13.0)	1.5 (0.16-19.2)
Female
No. of cases	—	2	61	40
No. of controls	4	6	106	33
AOR (95% CI)	1	—	—	—
Macaroni
Male
No. of cases	36	61	19	—	.101
No. of controls	48	71	12	1
AOR (95% CI)	1	1.2 (0.65-2.5)	2.8 (1.0-8.3)	—
Female
No. of cases	27	51	26	—	.003
No. of controls	51	86	12	—
AOR (95% CI)	1	0.82 (0.35-1.8)	6.1 (1.4-26.5)	—

^aAdjusted odds ratio: Adjusted for age, gender, total energy, red meat consumption, physical activity, smoking, education level, marital status, work, income, other health problems and CRC history.

^bReference group.