Table 1. Eligibility criteria.

Inclusion criteria

- Original research - Minimum of 20 patients - Studies conducted in developing countries as defined by World Bank criteria - Report on association between resistant bacteria and clinical outcome and/or financial impact - Antimicrobial susceptibility testing done by either disk diffusion, broth micro-dilution, agar dilution, E-test or VITEK using - CLSI/EUCAST/SFM guidelines - Papers published in French and English - Studies published from January 1, 2000

Exclusion criteria

- Reports of antibiotic resistance unrelated to clinical outcome nor economic impact - Reports on parasites, viruses and fungi - Reports on treatment comparisons - Studies conducted in developed countries as defined by World Bank criteria - Reports published in languages other than French and English - Antibiotic resistance in wildlife, companion and aquatic animals - Grey literature, conference abstracts, reviews, meta-analysis, letters to editor, correspondence, editorials, comments and case reports. - Studies published before January 1, 2000