Table 2.

Fixed Effects Models of Life Expectancy on Lagged Social Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP and Relevant Controls, OECD Countries, 1980–2010

Variable	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	Separate		Simultaneous		Simultaneous with healthcare expenditures
	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Education	0.177	0.060, 0.294	0.165	0.045, 0.286	0.160	0.033, 0.286
Family	0.120	−0.074, 0.314	−0.041	−0.296, 0.214	−0.048	−0.308, 0.211
Unemployment	0.082	−0.064–0.228	0.054	−0.132, 0.241	0.053	−0.134, 0.240
Incapacity	0.292	0.154, 0.429	0.172	0.010, 0.334	0.168	0.003, 0.333
Old age	−0.015	−0.106, 0.076	−0.090	−0.204, 0.024	−0.095	−0.213, 0.024
ALMP	0.198	−0.050, 0.447	0.127	−0.187, 0.440	0.132	−0.184, 0.448
Country-years	252		327		328
Countries	20		20		20

Notes: Estimate unit is years of life expectancy. Model 1 includes predictor variables separately and full set of controls (Gini, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, population age distribution, and continuous year). Model 2 includes predictor variables simultaneously and full set of controls. Model 3 includes predictor variables simultaneously, full set of controls, and government healthcare expenditures.

OECD, Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development; ALMP, active labor market programs; GDP, gross domestic product