Table 1.
Demographic, Background and Prenatal Exposure Characteristics for Young Adults (N = 236)a
| Variables | Groups | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Control CONT (n = 59) |
(2) Dysmorphic DYSM (n = 48) |
(3) Exposed, Cognitively Affected COG-AFF(n = 37) |
(4) Exposed, Not Cognitively Affected COG-UNAFF(n = 38) |
(5) Special Education Contrast SPEC (n=54) |
Statistical Test | p- valuef | |
| Ethnicity (% African-American) | 100 | 97.9 | 100 | 97.4 | 85.2 | X2(8) = 23.52 | p = .003 |
| Gender (% male) | 39.0 | 47.9 | 29.7 | 36.8 | 53.7 | X2(4) = 6.62 | nsg |
| Age at Follow-up (years) M, (SD) | 22.80 (1.75) | 22.65 (2.08) | 22.59 (1.64) | 22.32 (1.93) | 23.31 (1.39) | F(4,231) = 2.08 | p = .085 |
| Years of Formal Schooling (N = 233), M (SD) | 12.32 (1.68) | 11.73 (1.39) | 11.15 (1.34) | 12.77 (1.71) | 12.08 (1.47) | F(4,228)= 6.22 | p < .001 3<1,4,5;2<4 |
| Current Monthly Income (total $), M (SD) (n = 229) | 1191 (1453) | 1011 (967) | 570 (437) | 946 (920) | 1293 (1596) | F(4,224) = 2.17 | p = .074 |
| Adult Dysmorphology Scoreb M (SD), (n = 226) | 3.12 (3.30) | 9.72 (7.64) | 5.24 (3.63) | 3.73 (3.14) | 4.67 (4.22) | F(4,221) = 14.63 | p = .000; 2>1,3,4&5 |
| WASI FSIQ c M (SD), (n =233) | 86.07 (11.56) | 75.66 (13.02) | 73.62 (8.37) | 95.00 (9.27) | 84.94 (13.90) | F(4,228) = 21.62 | p = .000; 2,3<1,4,&5; 4>1,2,3&5 |
| Negative Life Events T-score (Life Stress- LISRES)d M (SD), (n = 231) | 58.08 (11.92) | 56.32 (10.90) | 60.09 (10.62) | 58.57 (10.80) | 59.15(10.54) | F (4,226) = .696 | nsg |
| Birthweight (gms) M (SD), (n = 182) | 3216.14 (490.25) | 2505.58 (631.28) | 3245.14 (556.00) | 3113.95 (578.43) | NA | F(3,178) = 18.14 | p = .000; 2<1,3&4 |
| AA/oz/wke in pregnancy M (SD), (n=182) | 0 (0) | 13.33 (13.01) | 8.09 (13.11) | 7.95 (7.55) | NA | F(3,178) = 17.84 | p = .000; 1<2,3,4;4<2 |
| Cigarette Use in Pregnancy (% yes) (n = 174) | 31 | 86.4 | 61.1 | 66.7 | NA | X2(3) = 33.21 | p < .001 |
| Marijuana Use in Pregnancy (% yes) (n = 174) | 12 .1 | 29.5 | 36.1 | 52.8 | NA | X2(3) = 18.46 | p < .001 |
| Cocaine Use in Pregnancy (% yes) (n = 173) | 0 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 20.0 | NA | X2(3) = 15.18 | P = .002 |
a
If data are not available for some participants, the n used for the analysis is noted next to the variable name.
b
Dysmorphology score is based on 25th percentile, African-American norms.
c
WASI FSIQ = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence – Full Scale IQ.
d
LISRES = Life Stressors and Social Resources Inventory
e
Ounces of absolute alcohol per week.
f
Post-hoc comparisons were completed with Tukey HSD test.
g
ns = not significant