Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of the subjects between NDF and DF group.
| Variables | NDF | DF | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 691 | 578 | |
| Age (years)a | 62 (53–70) | 66 (58–75) | <0.001* |
| Duration of diabetes (months)b | 108 (48–150) | 120 (60–156) | 0.189 |
| Male (%)c | 374 (54.12%) | 327 (56.57%) | 0.382 |
| Smoking(%)c | 158 (22.22%) | 462 (79.93%) | <0.001* |
| Drinking (%)c | 127 (18.38%) | 460 (79.58%) | <0.001* |
| BMI (kg/m2)b | 24.1 (22.2–26.4) | 23.8 (21.5–26.3) | 0.073 |
| WBC (109/L)b | 6.6 (5.6–8.0) | 7.1 (5.6–9.0) | <0.001* |
| T-BIL (μmol/L)b | 9 (7–12) | 9 (6–11) | 0.005* |
| D-BIL (μmol/L)b | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.174 |
| I-BIL (μmol/L)b | 6 (4–8) | 5 (4–7) | <0.001* |
| ALT (U/L)b | 20 (14–30) | 16 (11–24) | <0.001* |
| AST (U/L)b | 20 (17–26) | 19 (15–25) | <0.001* |
| GGT (U/L)b | 27 (19–46) | 25 (16–43) | 0.012* |
| Creatinine (μmol/L)b | 62 (50–77) | 66 (52–83) | 0.005* |
| UA (μmol/L)b | 300 (249–366) | 263 (206–335) | <0.001* |
| TC (mmol/L)b | 4.7 (3.88–5.53) | 4.235 (3.53–5.04) | <0.001* |
| TG (mmol/L)b | 1.54 (1.03–2.22) | 1.16 (0.82–1.68) | <0.001* |
| HDL (mmol/L)b | 1.05 (0.9–1.28) | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) | 0.044* |
| LDL (mmol/L)b | 2.7 (2.1–3.4) | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | 0.001* |
| HbA1C (%)b | 9.4 (7.8–10.9) | 8.85 (7.3–10.8) | 0.001* |
| Hb (g/L) b | 128.4 (126.9–129.9) | 117.6 (116.1–119.0) | <0.001* |
| HR (bpm)b | 82 (76–90) | 84 (76–90) | 0.087 |
| SBP (mmHg)b | 140 (126–158) | 144 (130–160) | 0.004* |
| DBP (mmHg)b | 80 (70–88) | 80 (70–88) | 0.057 |
| Hypertension (%)c | 402 (58.2%) | 349 (60.4%) | 0.426 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%)c | 236 (34.2%) | 81 (14%) | <0.001* |
| DR (%)c | 337 (48.8%) | 300 (51.9%) | 0.266 |
| DPN (%)c | 351 (50.8%) | 314 (54.3%) | 0.210 |
| DN (%)c | 160 (23.2%) | 131 (22.7%) | 0.836 |
| Macrovascular complication (%)c | 427 (61.8%) | 452 (78.2%) | <0.001* |
| Treatment | |||
| Newly diagnose | 90 (13%) | 162 (28%) | |
| OHA | 304 (44%) | 87 (15%) | |
| Insulin | 200 (29%) | 121 (21%) | <0.001* |
| OHA & Insulin | 97 (14%) | 208 (36%) | |
| Insulin dose (U) | 31.4 (28.7–34.0) | 31.7 (27–36.3) | 0.905 |
– Continuous variables of normal distribution was expressed with mean ±SD and P-values were obtained by Student’s t-test;
– continuous variables of non-normal distribution was median (quartile interval) and P-values were obtained by Mann-Whitney U test;
– categorized data was expressed with number (percentage) and P-values were obtained by Pearson’s Chi-square test.
P<0.05.
BMI – body mass index; Hb – hemoglobin; WBC – white blood cell; T-BIL – total bilirubin; D-BIL – direct bilirubin; I-BIL – indirect bilirubin; ALT – alanine aminotransferase; AST-aspartate aminotransferase; GGT – γ-glutamyl transferase; UA – uric acid; TC – total cholesterol; TG – triglyceride; HDL – high-density lipoprotein; LDL – low density lipoprotein; HbA1C – hemoglobin A1C; HR – heart rate; SBP – systolic blood pressure; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; DR – diabetic retinopathy; DPN – diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DN – diabetic nephropathy; OHA – oral hypoglycemic agents.