(A) HO-1 RNA expression in the DLPFC determined by real-time quantitative PCR. HIV− = (HIV-negative, n=66); HIV+/HIVE− = (HIV-positive without HIV encephalitis, n = 76); and HIVE = (HIV-positive with HIV encephalitis, n = 14). (B) HO-1 protein expression determined by Western blot in 66 HIV−, 75 HIV+/HIVE−, and 14 HIVE brain tissue samples. Fold-change in expression was calculated relative to the average of HIV− groups after normalization to GAPDH (RNA) or β-tubulin (protein). Data were log transformed and mean HIV− group value set to 0 (dotted line). Solid black lines indicate mean ± SEM. Groups were analyzed by ANOVA with post hoc Holm-Sidak test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. (C) Correlation between HO-1 RNA and protein expression in 65 HIV− and 89 HIV+ (75 HIV+/HIV− and 14 HIVE) was determined by Pearson’s correlation with line of best fit determined by linear regression.