Table 2.
Associations between combined depressive symptoms and depression and children’s growth through 3 years, the Upstate KIDS Study
| All participants | Singletons | Singleton boys | Singleton girls | Twins | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | 95% CI | b | 95% CI | b | 95% CI | b | 95% CI | b | 95% CI | |
| Antenatal depression (from both SPARCS and self-reported depressive symptoms) | ||||||||||
| Weight-for-age | −0.13 | −0.27, 0.00 | −0.13 | −0.28, 0.01 | −0.24 | −0.43, −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.22, 0.18 | −0.23 | −0.58, 0.08 |
| Height-for-age | −0.12 | −0.29, 0.04 | −0.12 | −0.29, 0.05 | −0.26 | −0.51, −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.21,0.26 | −0.30 | −0.66, 0.07 |
| Weight-for-height | −0.05 | −0.21, 0.12 | −0.05 | −0.21, 0.12 | −0.05 | −0.27, 0.17 | −0.04 | −0.28, 0.20 | −0.15 | −0.47, 0.17 |
| BMI-for-age | −0.07 | −0.22, 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.23, 0.09 | −0.12 | −0.33, 0.09 | −0.01 | −0.24, 0.22 | −0.14 | −0.44, 0.16 |
| Postnatal depression (from both SPARCS and EPDS) | ||||||||||
| Weight-for-age | 0.04 | −0.06, 0.15 | 0.04 | −0.06, 0.15 | −0.02 | −0.17, 0.13 | 0.11 | −0.04, 0.27 | 0.00 | −0.20, 0.21 |
| Height-for-age | −0.07 | −0.22, 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.23, 0.09 | −0.16 | −0.37, 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.23,0.23 | −0.04 | −0.31, 0.23 |
| Weight-for-height | 0.13 | 0.00, 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.00, 0.26 | 0.08 | −0.10, 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.01,0.42 | 0.07 | −0.18, 0.31 |
| BMI-for-age | 0.13 | 0.00, 0.26 | 0.13 | −0.01, 0.27 | 0.10 | −0.08, 0.28 | 0.19 | −0.02, 0.40 | 0.03 | −0.22, 0.29 |
| Both antenatal and postnatal depression (Self-reported depressive symptoms, SPARCS, and EPDS) | ||||||||||
| Weight-for-age | −0.06 | −0.22, 0.10 | −0.06 | −0.22, 0.11 | −0.26 | −0.47, −0.05 | 0.14 | −0.11,0.39 | −0.33 | −0.65, −0.02 |
| Height-for-age | −0.16 | −0.35, 0.03 | −0.16 | −0.35, 0.03 | −0.43 | −0.70, −0.16 | 0.09 | −0.17, 0.36 | −0.30 | −0.77, 0.17 |
| Weight-for-height | 0.10 | −0.10, 0.29 | 0.10 | −0.10, 0.30 | 0.05 | −0.22, 0.31 | 0.16 | −0.13,0.45 | −0.26 | −0.72, 0.20 |
| BMI-for-age | 0.07 | −0.12, 0.26 | 0.07 | −0.12, 0.27 | −0.02 | −0.27, 0.24 | 0.18 | −0.11,0.46 | −0.23 | −0.61, 0.16 |
Notes: 1. Regression coefficients indicate the differences of z-scores for children’s growth between whose mother with postnatal depression and those without. 2. A combined antenatal measure consisted of mothers with self-reported antenatal depressive symptoms and SPARCS data. 3. A combined postnatal measure consisted of SPARCS and EPDS. 4. Adjusted antenatal models examined the crude associations between maternal depression measures and child growth after adjusting for a priori selected confounders, such as such as maternal age, race, education, marital status, infertility treatment, health insurance status, pre-pregnancy BMI, pre-pregnancy or gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, breastfeeding status at hospital discharge, and antenatal depression. 5. Adjusted postnatal models were adjusted for a priori selected confounders, such as such as maternal age, race, education, marital status, infertility treatment, health insurance status, pre-pregnancy BMI, history of smoking, history of alcohol consumption, pre-pregnancy or gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, breastfeeding status at hospital discharge, and antenatal depression. 6. In this table, we denoted depression as present if either a diagnosis was present or the participant reported a high level of symptoms.
Abbreviations: Body mass index (BMI); Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS); Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS)