Fig. 2.

PLA₂ enzymes in lipid metabolism and cellular signaling. PUFAs and lysophospholipids (LPLs) are cleaved from phospholipids by PLA₂. These products can be recycled back into the lipid membrane or serve as signaling molecules to regulate lipolysis, lipogenesis, and the immune responses. Downstream patatin-like PLA₂s (ATGL, PNPLA3, PNPLA5, and PNPLA8) respond to insulin levels, adding another layer of regulation on these lipid metabolism and cellular signaling pathways. Substrates and signaling molecules are red, enzymes are blue and rounded, transcription factors are purple trapezoids, and altered downstream processes are orange. Activation and inhibition are indicated with arrows and bar-headed lines, respectively. mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1), Akt (Protein kinase B), PKC (Protein kinase C), DAG (diacylglycerol), PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma)