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. 2017 Dec 21;7:18036. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18363-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Non-Overlapping Time-Dependent Extra- and Intra- Cellular Stimulations Induce Interference in the Spiking Activity. (A) Intracellular recordings of a neuron stimulated alternately at 2 Hz by two extracellular electrodes (green and pink) with reliable evoked spikes. (B) The spike waveforms generated by the stimulations of the two extracellular electrodes (green and pink) and by an intracellular stimulation (orange). It is evident that the green and the orange waveforms are very similar, whereas the pink waveform is different. (C) Two possible scenarios for the spike generation. (C₁): The neuron consists of three threshold elements associated with intracellular stimulations and with each one of the two extracellular stimulation locations, represented by different spike colors. (C₂): The intracellular stimulation and the green extracellular stimulation activate the same sub-neuronal threshold element, represented by the two springs connected to the threshold spring and by a two-color spike. (D) Recorded spike train with the stimulating scheduling. The pink extracellular electrode was stimulated every 1 s and in between 8 intracellular stimulations were given separated by ~100 ms. The spike color is associated with the origin of the corresponding type of the stimulation. The duration/amplitude was 2 ms/800 mV for an extracellular stimulation and 3 ms/600 pA for an intracellular stimulation. (E) Similar to (D), but with the stimulation of the green extracellular electrode results in response failures. See also Supplementary Figs S5,S6.