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. 2017 Dec 21;7:18035. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18234-9

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies of LBW and IQ.

No. Study Country Years of Birth LBW(n) Birth Weight (g) Gestational Age (week) Measurement Tool Age at evaluation IQ Scores Study Design
NBW(n) mean (SD/range) Mean (SD)/range mean (SD)
1 Yi KH et al.96, 2016 Korea 2003-2009 L 46 2110(315) ≥37 WISC-III 12 100.52(15.24) case-control study
N 46 3280(460) ≥37 109.52(12.54)
2 Serenius et al.10, 2016 Sweden 2004–2007 L 371 779(170) 25.4(1.07) WISC-IV 6.5 83.4(14.8) cohort study
N 367 3617(482) 39.9(1.13) 100.3(11.7)
3 Breeman et al.45, 2015 German 1985–1986 L3 216 1311(320) <32 WISC-III 26 86.2(20.25) cohort study
N3 197 3371(452) >37 102.6(12.89)
4 Molloy et al.97, 2014 Australia 1994–1995 L 221 883(161) 26.6(2.0) WASI 18 95.18 (16.33) cohort study
N 159 3394(454) 39.2(1.4) 106.46(13.72)
5 Ritter et al.8, 2014 Switzerland 1998–2003 L 52 <1500 <32 WISC (HAWIK-IV) 101.17(10.34) cohort study
N 36 >2500 >37 10 109.28(7.77)
6 Guarini et al.25, 2014 Italy 1998–2001 L1 56 1155(331) 29.8(2.3) K-BIT 6 93.4(10.5) case-control study
N1 60 >2800 >37 96.7(11.4)
1996–1999 L2 84 1224(284) 30.1(2.3) 8 103.1(12.9)
N2 26 >2800 >37 106.5(9.4)
7 McNicholas et al.98, 2013 Ireland 1995–1997 L 52 1172(219) 29.9(2.8) WISC-IV 11 89.7(12.5) cohort study
N 48 NA NA 101.3(11.7)
8 Cheong et al.39, 2013 Australia 1991–1992 L 148 897(177) 25.8(1.1) WASI 18 95.7(15.9) cohort study
N 132 3441(457) 39.3(1.3) 107.6(12.8)
9 Hutchinson et al.99, 2013 Australia 1997 L 189 833(164) 26.5(2.0) WISC-IV 8 93.1(16.1) cohort study
N 173 3506(1455) 39.3(1.1) 105.6(12.4)
10 Lundequist et al.100, 2013 Sweden 1988–1993 L 145 1050(266) 28.1(2.8) WPPSI-R 5 95.7(16.1) cohort study
N 117 3493(453) 39.8(1.2) 102.3(11.0)
11 Aarnoudse-Moens et al.6, 2013 Netherlands 1996–2004 L 200 1013(287) 28.1(1.4) WISC-III 8 93.3(15.8) cohort study
N 230 3578(482) 39.9(1.2) 105.0(13.4)
12 Munck et al.101, 2012 Finland 2001–2006 L 124 1061(260) 28.7(2.8) WPPSI-R 5 99.3(17.7) cohort study
N 168 3659(454) 40.1(1.2) 111.7(14.5)
13 Pyhala et al.19, 2011 Finland 1978–1985 L 103 1140(217) 29.3(2.3) WAIS-III 25 102.2(15.3) cohort study
N 105 3609(489) 40.1(1.2) 110.6(12.0)
14 Potharst et al.22, 2011 Netherlands 2002–2004 L 104 1045(254) 28.7(1.6) WPPSI 5 92(17) cohort study
N 95 3436(512) 39.8(1.7) 103(11)
15 Ni et al.7, 2011 China 2002–2003 L 37 1158(266) 29.5(2.8) WISC-IV 6 100.1(10.7) cohort study
N 22 3162(404) 38.3(1.5) 103.9(11.1)
16 Løhaugen et al.102, 2010 Norway 1986–1988 L 55 1217(233) 29.1(2.5) WAIS-III 19 88(13) cohort study
N 81 3707(433) 39.7(1.2) 101(12)
17 Soria-Pastor et al.40, 2009 Spain 1996–1998 L 20 1794 30–34 WISC-IV 9 105.8(13.8) case-control study
N 22 3392 40 121.9(15.3)
18 Aarnoudse-Moens et al.103, 2009 Netherlands 1998–2000 L 50 1042(31) 28.0(1.4) WPPSI-R 6 92.5(17.5) case-control study
N 50 3579(510) 39.7(1.3) 109.0(19.2)
19 Woodward et al.28, 2009 New Zealand 1998–2000 L1 43 807(233) <28 WPPSI-R 4 93.86(17.57) cohort study
L2 62 1237(223) 28–33 95.65(13.88)
N 107 3574(409) 38–41 104.70(13.45)
20 Mu et al.104, 2008 China 1995–1997 L 130 1165(238) 29.5(2.7) WISC-III 8 93.14(16.33) case-control study
N 59 3312(379) 39.3(1.1) 111.05(14.81)
21 Gaddlin et al.34, 2008 Sweden 1987–1988 L1 59 1214(212) 30.7(2.4) WISC-III 15 84.9(17.5) cohort study
N1 57 3637(524) 40.2(1.3) 97.1(13.3)
L2 31 1213(191) 32.0(2.5) 84.1(19.9)
N2 28 3477(440) 39.9(1.0) 85.7(14.7)
22 Allin et al.18, 2008 UK 1982–1984 L 94 <2500 <33 WASI 19 96.6(13.7) cohort study
N 44 NA 38–42 105.3(12.8)
23 Saavalainen et al.105, 2007 Finland 1984–1986 L 35 1440(440) 30(2) WISC-R 9 96.3(11.3) cohort study
N 31 3427(410) 40(1.3) 100.3(10.6)
24 Nosarti et al.106, 2007 UK 1979–1982 L 61 1296(295) 29.5(1.8) WASI 22 105.14(11.99) cohort study
N 64 >2500 37–42 111.75(10.56)
25 Narberhaus et al.32, 2007 Spain 1983–1994 L1 9 899 26.4 WISC-R or WAIS-III 14 91.4(14.4) case-control study
L2 19 1140 29 100.5(16.2)
L3 25 1534 31.7 103.2(15.7)
L4 11 2445 34.6 112.7(13.8)
N 53 3416 39.6 113.6(11.5)
26 Hoff et al.107, 2006 Denmark 1994–1995 L 191 922(167) 27.5(1.8) WPPSI-R 5 96.4(14.1) cohort study
N 76 3530(518) 40.1(1.2) 107.3(11.4)
27 Martinez-Cruz et al.27, 2006 Mexico 1997 L1 25 875(107) 31.4(1.7) Stanford-Binet 6 95.3(11.3) case-control study
L2 52 1297(130) 32.5(1.2) 103.1(14.4)
L3 66 1940(247) 33.6(1.8) 105.1(12.3)
N 41 3239(410) 39.6(1.8) 106.8(11.7)
28 Hack et al.24, 2005 USA 1992–1995 L 219 810(124) 26.4(2) KABC 8 87.8(18) cohort study
N 176 3300(513) ≥37 99.8(15)
29 Lefebvre et al.21, 2005 France 1976–1981 L 69 912(79) 28.5(2.4) WAIS 18 94(12) cohort study
N 44 3419(418) 39.8(1.1) 108(14)
30 Marlow et al.11, 2005 UK 1995 L 241 <2500 <26 K-ABC 6 82.1(19.2) cohort study
N 160 NA >37 105.7(11.8)
31 Kilbride et al.108, 2004 USA 1983–1990 L 25 702(76) 26.0(1.6) Stanford-Binet 4 85(12) cohort study
N 25 3215(509) 38.8(1.5) 95(11)
32 Short et al.109, 2003 USA 1989–1991 L 75 1256(176) 30(2) WISC-III 8 91.7(16) cohort study
N 99 3451(547) 40(1) 101.9(15)
33 Cooke et al.110, 2003 UK 1991–1992 L 268 1467 29.8 WISC-III 7 89.4(14.2) cohort study
N 198 NA NA 100.5(13.7)
34 Grunau et al.111, 2002 Canada 1982–1987 L 74 718(480–800) 26.0(23–33) WISC-R 9 99.3(10.9) cohort study
N 30 3540(2948–4706) 40.0(28–40) 117.3(13.0)
35 Magill-Evans et al.112, 2002 Canada NA L 20 2104 <37 WISC-III 10 98(14.9) cohort study
N 23 3515 NA 101.5(11.9)
36 Breslau et al.17, 2001 USA 1983–1985 L1 231 <2500 NA WISC-R 11 88.1(14.7) cohort study
N1 143 ≥2500 94.1(13.6)
L2 180 <2500 107.8(14.8)
N2 163 ≥2500 112.8(14.3)
37 Rickards et al.113, 2001 Australia 1980–1982 L 120 1167(215) 29.3(2.0) WISC-III 14 96.2(15.5) cohort study
N 41 3417(432) 39.9(1.0) 105.0(13.3)
38 Nadeau et al.114, 2001 Canada 1987–1990 L 61 1024(204) 27.4(1.1) MIQS 5 100.3(19.1) cohort study
N 44 3453(498) 39.8(1.6) 112.8(16.2)
39 Taylor et al.115, 2000 USA 1982–1986 L1 60 665(68) 25.7(1.8) KABC 11 83.49(19.7) cohort study
L2 55 1173(217) 29.4(2.4) 96.81(14.4)
N 49 3300(660) 40 106.24(14.3)
40 Tandon et al.33, 2000 India 1985–1995 L1 27 1810(248) 36.2(2.9) Stanford-Binet 8 105.6(13.4) cohort study
N1 28 2850(363) 39.2(1.2) 116(11.6)
L2 32 1740(195) 36(2.5) 99.6(11.8)
N2 29 2850(331) 39.8(1.3) 11 110.6(7.3)
41 Saigal et al.116, 2000 Canada 1977–1982 L 150 833(126) 27(2.4) WISC-R 14 89(19) cohort study
N 124 3395(483) 40 102(13)
42 Hughes et al.117, 1999 USA 1979–1981 L1 95 964(208) 28.5(2.1) WISC-R 9 86.16(17.67) cohort study
L2 311 1157(272) 30.6(2.3) 95.56(17.63)
N 188 2776(707) 39.4(1.7) 99.79(16.51)
43 Stjernqvist et al.118, 1999 Sweden 1985–1986 L 61 1042(242) 27.1(1.03) WISC-III-R 10 89.8(15.1) cohort study
N 61 3648(533) 40.1(1.43) 106.5(15.0)
44 Botting et al.119, 1998 UK 1980–1983 L 138 <1500 NA WISC-III 12 89.7(17.2) cohort study
N 163 >2500 >37 97.8(17.4)
45 Whitfield et al.120, 1997 Canada 1974–1985 L 90 731(520–800) 26(23–28) WISC or Stanford-Binet 9 98.7(12.6) cohort study
N 50 3488(2614–4706) 40(38–42) 111.6(13.1)
46 Rose et al.121, 1996 USA 1979–1981 L 50 1154(233) 31.2(1.8) WISC-R 11 89.6(11.3) cohort study
N 40 NA NA 98.9(11.9)
47 Sommerfelt et al.46, 1995 Norway 1986–1988 L 144 1555(368) 32(3) WPPSI-R 5 97(14) cohort study
N 163 >3000 40 104(14)
48 Levy-Shiff et al.61, 1994 Israel NA L 90 1190(209) 29(2.3) WISC-R 7 105.1(10.5) cohort study
NA N 90 3225(334) 39(1.2) 114.4(9.8)
49 Sommerfelt et al.14, 1993 Norway 1981–1982 L 29 1251(166) 31.1(2.6) WISC-R 8 93.2(16) cohort study
N 29 3650(490) 40(0) 104.2(14)
50 Hack et al.122, 1992 USA 1977–1979 L 249 1176 29.2 WISC-R 8 95.7(18) cohort study
N 363 >2500 >37 100.6(17.6)
51 Teplin et al.123, 1991 USA 1980 L 28 905(86) 28(1.5) KABC 6 86.3(13.6) cohort study
N 26 NA >37 98.7(14.3)
52 Smith et al.124, 1990 UK 1981 L 43 1306(164)  > 28 MIQS 5 88.56(16.94) cohort study
N 43 3342(429) >37 101(13.04)
53 McDonald et al.125, 1989 USA NA L 16 1776(510) 31.4(3) WPPSI 5 113(21) cohort study
N 18 3359(481) 40 124(13)
54 Klein et al.126, 1989 USA 1976 L 65 1190(197) 30(2) WISC-R 9 92(14) cohort study
N 65 >3000 >37 98(16)
55 Portnoy et al.127, 1988 UK 1980–1981 L 15 909 NA MIQS 5 93(20) cohort study
N 15 >2500 38–42 103(13)
56 Lloyd BW et al.128, 1988 UK 1978–79 L 44 1302 26–37 BAS 7 93.1(15) cohort study
N 44 40 100.4(12.9)
57 Kitchen WH et al.129, 1980 Australia 1966–1970 L1 10 <1000 NA WISC-R 8 79.4(15.7) cohort study
L2 143 <1501 NA 89.4(15.7)
N 43 >2500 NA 98.8(15.7)

LBW: low birth weight; NBW: normal birth weight; NA: not available; L: LBW; N: NBW; WISC-III: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition; WISC-R: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised; WISC-IV: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition; WPPSI: Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence Test; WPPSI-R: Wechsler Preschool and Primary scale of intelligence, Revised; WASI: Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence; WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; KABC, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children; K-Bit: Kauf-man Brief Intelligence Test, Italian version; MIQS: McCarthy IQ Scale; BAS: British Abilities Scale.