Table 2.
Examples of constitutive laws for various physical systems.
| constitutive relations |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| static storage (elastance) |
dissipation |
||||
| physics | BG expression | mechanism | BG expression | mechanism | |
| electrical |  |
electrical capacitor |  |
resistor (Ohm's law) | |
| heat transfer |  |
heat capacity |  |
entropy↑ (Fourier's law) |
|
| mechanisms | solids |  |
elastic spring (Hooke's law) |
 |
viscous damper |
| fluids |  |
fluid compressibility (vessel distensibility) |  |
fluid viscosity | |
| biochemical | biochemical |  |
Boltzmann's formula |  |
biochemical reaction |
| diffusion |  |
solute concentration |  |
entropy↑ (Fick's law) | |
| ion channel |  |
thermodynamic relation |
|
Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz (GHK) | |