TABLE 3.
Random-effects meta-analyses of antibiotic exposure and other risk factors and/or protective factors for acquisition of CREa
| Associated risk factor | No. of times identified | Pooled OR (95% CI) |
P value for risk of publication bias by use of the indicator of: |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egger et al. (28) | Begg and Mazumdar (29) | |||
| Antibiotic exposure | ||||
| Carbapenem use | 25 | 4.71 (3.54–6.26) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Cephalosporin use | 16 | 4.49 (2.42–8.33) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Quinolone use | 10 | 2.46 (1.44–4.23) | <0.05 | 0.29 |
| Other β-lactam use | 9 | 2.00 (1.49–2.70) | <0.05 | 0.26 |
| Glycopeptide use | 5 | 4.18 (2.30–7.60) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Other risk factors | ||||
| Underlying disease or condition | 31 | 2.54 (2.08–3.09) | <0.05 | 0.12 |
| Invasive procedures | 20 | 4.67 (3.59–6.07) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Medical devices | 17 | 5.09 (3.38–7.67) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| ICU admission | 15 | 4.62 (2.46–8.69) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Patient demographic characteristics | 13 | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Exposure to hospital care | 12 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 11 | 1.96 (1.42–2.69) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| CRE exposure | 5 | 4.10 (1.46–11.52) | <0.05 | 0.23 |
a
Abbreviations: CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; OR, odds radio; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit.