TABLE 4.
Other risk factors associated with acquisition of CRE, based on multivariable analysisc
| Associated risk factor | Frequency | RE type | RE range | No. of cases (range) | Study reference(s) (no. of different risk factors per reference) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underlying disease or condition | 31 | OR | 1.07–98.58 | 17–133 | 22, 33, 37 (2), 45, 48, 49, 50 (2), 52 (2), 56, 61 67, 68 (2), 70, 71, 79, 80 (2), 81, 82 (6), 83 (3) |
| 1 | HR | 5.74 | 19 | 22 | |
| Othera | 19 | OR | 1.35–45.904 | 20–464 | 22 (2), 38, 40, 47, 50, 56, 64, 65 (2), 67 (2), 76, 82, 84, 85 (2), 86, 87 |
| 1 | RR | 5.94 | 149 | 88 | |
| 1 | HR | 19.0 | 26 | 85 | |
| Invasive procedures | 20 | OR | 2.18–35.98 | 15–99 | 9, 12, 22, 32, 44, 47, 48 (2), 55, 57 (2), 67, 76, 81, 83, 85, 89–92 |
| Medical devicesb | 17 | OR | 1.67–677.82 | 15–203 | 9, 11, 38, 45 (2), 54, 58, 62, 73, 77, 80, 84, 89 (2), 91, 93, 94 |
| ICU admission | 14 | OR | 1.13–17.4 | 25–88 | 16, 39, 40, 43, 49–52, 54, 61, 78, 81, 87, 95 |
| Patient demographic characteristics | 13 | OR | 1.03–10.53 | 10–164 | 34, 38, 45, 59 (2), 63, 69, 77, 84, 90, 91 (2), 96 |
| Exposure to hospital care | 12 | OR | 1.014–58.067 | 15–99 | 12, 32, 35 (2), 44, 49, 59, 62, 66, 76, 89, 92 |
| 1 | RR | 1.36 | 149 | 88 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 10 | OR | 1.2–17.80 | 18–164 | 12, 21, 47, 58, 63, 70, 71, 77, 79, 89 |
| 1 | RR | 1.99 | 149 | 88 | |
| CRE exposure | 5 | OR | 1.15–11.9 | 53–165 | 21, 22, 77 (2), 79 |
| 1 | HR | 5.03 | 19 | 22 |
a
This category was not included in a random-effects meta-analysis.
b
Mechanical ventilation is excluded from this category.
c
Abbreviations: CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; RE, risk estimate; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; RR, relative risk; ICU, intensive care unit.