Table 2c.
Prevalence of anterior hypopituitarism following TBI (≥12 months)
| Study | n | GCS | Time from injury | Anterior hypopituitarism (axis affected) | |||||
| Total (%) | GH (%) | FSH/LH (%) | ACTH (%) | TSH (%) | Multiple (%) | ||||
| Alavi et al 51 | 47 | 3–15 | >6 months* | 21.3 | – | 21.3 | 4.3 | 0 | 12.8 |
| 22 | 3–15 | >12 months | 9.1 | 9.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Kopczak et al 70 | 340 | – | <1 month to 39 years | 36.5 | 7.8 | 40 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 5.6 |
| Hannon et al 50 | 100 | <14 | Median 14 months | 34.4 | 18.8 | 3.1 | 18.8 | 0 | 3.1 |
| Tanriverdi et al 46 | 25 | 3–15 | 1 year | 48 | 44 | 8 | 16 | 4 | 16 |
| 3 years | 23.5 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 5 years | 32 | 28 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Ulfarsson et al 71 | 51 | <9 | 2–10 years | 27.5 | 21.6 | 3.9 | 0 | 2 | – |
| Kozlowski Moreau et al 27 | 55 | Lowest GCS average 8.8 | >1 year | 76.4 | 63.6 | 3.6 | 27.3 | 21.8 | – |
| Kokshoorn et al 72 | 112 | – | Mean 4 years | 5.4 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 1.8 | – | – |
| Schneider et al 68 † | 825 | – | >5 months | 37–38 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Berg et al 73 | 246 | <13 | Average 12 months | 21 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 12 | 3 |
| Krahulik et al 66 | 186 | 3–14 | 12 months | 21 | 13.5 | 5.6 | – | – | – |
| Kleindienst et al 74 | 71 | 3–15 | 24–36 months | – | 35 | 0 | 61 | 0 | – |
| Wachter et al 40 | 55 | 3–15 | 1–4 years | 25.4 | 1.8 | 12.7 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| Tanriverdi et al 75 | 30 | 3–15 | 1 year | – | 43.3 | 3.3 | 20 | 6.6 | – |
| 3 years | – | 23.3 | 0 | 6.6 | 0 | – | |||
| Klose et al 19 | 104 | 3–15 | Median 13 months | 15 | 15 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3.8 |
| Klose et al 20 | 46 | 3–15 | 12 months | 10.9 | 10.9 | 2.1 | 6.5 | 2.1 | 6.5 |
| Herrmann et al 76 | 76 | <8 | Median 20 months | 24 | 8 | 17 | 2 | 2 | 6.6 |
| Schneider et al 69 | 78 | 3–15 | 12 months | 36 | 10 | 20 | 9 | 3 | 4.3 |
| Tanriverdi et al 49 | 52 | 3–15 | 12 months | 59 | 32 | 7.7 | 19 | 6 | 9.6 |
| Leal-Cerro et al 77 | 170 | <8 | >12 months | 24.7 | 5.8 | 17 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 8.8 |
| Aimaretti et al 25 | 70 | 3–15 | 12 months | 22.7 | 18.6 | 11.4 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 10.0 |
| Agha et al 23 | 102 | 3–13 | Median 17 months | 28 | 10.7 | 11.8 | 12.7 | 1 | 5.9 |
| Agha et al 52 | 50 | 8–13 | 12 months | – | 10.4 | 12.5 | 18.8 | 2.1 | – |
| Bondanelli et al 17 | 50 | 3–15 | 12–64 months | 54 | 28 | 14 | 0 | 10 | 12 |
| Popovic et al 12 | 67 | 9–13 | Median 44 months | 34 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 10.4 |
| Lieberman et al 22 | 70 | – | Median 13 months | 68.5 | 14.6 | 1.4 | 45.7 | 21.7 | – |
| Kelly et al 16 | 22 | 3–15 | Median 26 months | 36.4 | 18.2 | 22.7 | 4.5 | 4.5 | – |
*
Patients were assessed at >6 months in this study.
†Patients were categorised into acute (<5 months) or chronic (>5 months) groups in this study.
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GH, growth hormone; LH, luteinising hormone; TBI, traumatic brain injury; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.