Figure 4.

Effect of orally administered GGA on cytokine expression in APP/PS1 mice. Whole cell extracts were prepared from the brains of GGA-treated WT and APP/PS1 mice prior to western blot analysis to measure the levels of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β and (C) COX-2 expression. β-actin was used as an internal standard. ^&P<0.05 vs. untreated WT mice, *P<0.05 vs. untreated Tg mice. GGA, geranylgeranylacetone; APP/PS1, transgenic mouse strain; WT, wild type; Tg, transgenic; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2.