Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| All | HFrEF | HFpEF | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Variable | N = 59 | N = 32 | N = 27 | |
| Age (years) | 62 ± 13 | 55 ± 10 | 71 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male/female) | 46/13 | 30/2 | 16/11 | <0.001 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 40 ± 21 | 22 ± 7 | 61 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| NYHA class, n (%) | ||||
| II | 20 (34) | 13 (41) | 7 (26) | 0.07 |
| III | 39 (66) | 19 (59) | 20 (74) | 0.19 |
| Height (cm) | 172 ± 9 | 174 ± 8 | 170 ± 10 | 0.14 |
| Weight (kg) | 92 ± 20 | 86 ± 15 | 96 ± 23 | 0.05 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30 ± 6 | 28 ± 4 | 33 ± 6 | <0.01 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 2.07 ± 0.26 | 2.03 ± 0.21 | 2.12 ± 0.31 | 0.19 |
| Peak V̇O2 (% of pred.) | 39 ± 14 | 31 ± 7 | 50 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Peak V̇O2 (mL/kg/min) | 8.6 ± 2.3 | 8.3 ± 2.2 | 8.8 ± 2.4 | 0.46 |
| Weber-Janicki class [peak V̇O2], n (%) | ||||
| C, 10–16 mL/kg/min | 14 (24) | 7 (22) | 7 (26) | 0.88 |
| D, <10 mL/kg/min | 45 (76) | 25 (78) | 20 (74) | 0.75 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3 ± 1.7 | 13.9 ± 1.6 | 12.5 ± 1.4 | 0.01 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.33 ± 0.42 | 1.39 ± 0.40 | 1.26 ± 0.43 | 0.23 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 56 ± 15 | 56 ± 15 | 55 ± 16 | 0.80 |
| Drug Therapy, n (%) | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | 37 (63) | 25 (78) | 12 (44) | <0.001 |
| ARBs | 9 (15) | 2 (6) | 7 (26) | <0.001 |
| Antiarrhythmic | 15 (25) | 10 (31) | 5 (19) | 0.09 |
| β-blocker (β1 or non-select.) | 45 (76) | 28 (88) | 17 (63) | 0.04 |
| Ca2+ channel blocker | 7 (12) | 1 (3) | 6 (22) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 25 (42) | 23 (72) | 2 (7) | <0.001 |
| Nitrate (oral, SL, or topical) | 19 (32) | 9 (28) | 10 (33) | 0.52 |
| Aspirin | 43 (73) | 22 (69) | 21 (78) | 0.46 |
| Diuretics | 40 (68) | 29 (91) | 11 (41) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LA volume (mL) | 104 ± 43 | 115 ± 42 | 84 ± 40 | 0.03 |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 51 ± 20 | 56 ± 20 | 43 ± 20 | 0.04 |
| Mitral E-wave VEL (cm/s) | 89.3 ± 30.1 | 89.3 ± 40.1 | 89.3 ± 22.2 | 0.58 |
| Mitral A-wave VEL (cm/s) | 68.9 ± 29.7 | 59.0 ± 32.8 | 77.5 ± 24.2 | 0.01 |
| Mitral E/A ratio | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.11 |
| Mitral septal tissue Doppler VEL (e′) (cm/s) | 5.3 ± 1.8 | 4.5 ± 1.7 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Mitral E/e′ ratio | 19.1 ± 9.8 | 22.1 ± 10.9 | 16.2 ± 7.7 | 0.02 |
| IV septum thickness (mm) | 9.9 ± 1.6 | 9.5 ± 1.6 | 10.2 ± 1.6 | 0.06 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 9.7 ± 1.5 | 9.9 ± 1.9 | 0.96 |
Data are mean ± SD, n, or percentage (%).