Fig. 3.

Expression profiles of AccCDK5 under environmental stress. Total RNA was extracted from Apis cerana cerana treated with various stresses at the indicated time; the treatments include a 4 °C, b 42 °C, c UV, d H₂O₂, e HgCl₂, f CdCl₂, g spirodiclofen, h acaricide, i acetamiprid, j imidacloprid, and k phoxim. β-Actin was used as an internal control. The error bars represent the mean ± SE from three independent experiments. The letters above the columns represent significant differences (P < 0.001) based on Duncan’s multiple range tests