Fig. 5.

IP3R-dependent [Ca²⁺]c overload activated VDAC-mediated [Ca²⁺]m overload. a The co-immunofluorescence of [Ca²⁺]c and [Ca²⁺]m. Higher [Ca²⁺]c was associated with [Ca²⁺] through VDAC because siRNA knockdown of VDAC could significantly abate the increase in [Ca²⁺]m under oxidative stress. b, c The [Ca²⁺]m map via confocal microscopy by Rhod-2. Fluorescence intensity of Rhod-2 was measured by excitation wavelengths of 550 nm and emission wavelengths of 570 nm, respectively. Data (F/F0) were obtained by dividing fluorescence intensity (F) by (F0) at resting level (t = 0) which was normalized by control groups. *P < 0.05 vs. control group, #P < 0.05 vs. H₂O₂ group