Table 1.
Plant and pathogens lectins reported to interact with toll-like receptors (TLRs).
| Source | Lectin | Carbohydrate specificity | Target | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant lectins | Artocarpus heterophyllus | ArtinM | Manα1-3[Manα1-6]Man | TLR2/1 and 2/6 +CD14a | (15, 19, 20) |
| Canavalia ensiformis | Concanavalin A | Man/Glc (Man>Glc>GlcNAc) | TLR2/6 | (21) | |
| Viscum album coloratum | Korean mistletoe lectin (KML-C) | Terminal Gal and GalNAc residues | TLR4 | (22) | |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L) | Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2(Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,6Man) | TLR2/6, 4, and 5 | (21) | |
| Glycine max | Soybean agglutinin | GalNAc>Gal (terminal Gal and GalNAc residues) | TLR4 | (21) | |
| Arachis hypogea | Peanut agglutinin | Gal(Galβ1,3GalNAc) (terminal Gal residue) | TLR4 | (21) | |
| Triticum vulgaris | Wheat germ agglutinin | Man/Glc (Man>Glc>GlcNAc) | TLR2/6, 5, 7, and 8 | (21) | |
| Pathogens lectins | Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | Paracoccin | βGlcNAc14βGlcNAc14GlcNAc | TLR2/1, 2/6, and 4 | (14) |
| Toxoplasma gondii | T. gondii microneme 1 | NeuAcα-3Galβ-4GlcNAcβ-3Galβ-3GlcNAc (terminal NeuAc residue) | TLR2/1, 2/6, and 4 | (23) | |
| T. gondii | T. gondii microneme 4 | Galβ-3GalNAcβ-4Galβ-4Glc (terminal Gal residue) | TLR2/1, 2/6, and 4 | (23) | |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Gal/GalNAc lectin | Terminal Gal/GalNAc residue | TLR2 and 4 | (16) | |
aArtinM interaction with glycans N-linked to the co-receptor CD14 is required for induction of TLR2 activation (20).