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. 2017 Dec 22;7:18069. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18211-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Investigation on post-illumination stage, involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROSs): (A–C) CHO cells were preloaded with 4 µM TO for 20 min at room temperature, DMPO (50 mM) was added, LED light (240 mJ/cm²) was applied (B,C) or not (A) and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was recorded in the following minute; in (C) H₂O was replaced by D₂O 20 min before TO was added; (D) kinetic RPE follow-up including two successive light applications showing the amplitude of the largest RPE peak (3496 ± 2 gauss).