Table 3.
Summary of Overall Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity Statistics, and Fail-Safe N for Comparisons of PD With AN, BN, BED, and Control Groups
| Comparison | Dependent variable | Studies (n) |
g | SE | p | Heterogeneity
|
Fail-safe N | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q | df | p | I2 | |||||||
| PD vs. Control | Mortality | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Medical morbidity | 1 | .68 | .46 | .142 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Suicidality | 6 | 1.94 | .99 | .050 | 433.59 | 5 | <.001 | 98.85 | 583 | |
| Quality of life | 2 | −.95 | .01 | <.001 | 111.58 | 1 | <.001 | 99.10 | ||
| Functional impairment | 1 | .43 | .25 | .086 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Depression | 7 | 1.13 | .25 | <.001 | 70.78 | 6 | <.001 | 91.52 | 1,131 | |
| Anxiety | 8 | 1.42 | .37 | <.001 | 60.61 | 7 | <.001 | 88.45 | 192 | |
| Impulsivity | 5 | 1.25 | .12 | <.001 | 12.04 | 4 | <.017 | 66.78 | 102 | |
| Substance use | 5 | .13 | .01 | <.001 | 44.22 | 4 | <.001 | 90.95 | 195 | |
| Body dissatisfaction | 8 | 2.16 | .46 | <.001 | 136.69 | 7 | <.001 | 94.88 | 623 | |
| Dietary restraint | 7 | 1.78 | .44 | <.001 | 130.32 | 6 | <.001 | 95.40 | 439 | |
| Eating psychopathology | 10 | 1.71 | .43 | <.001 | 260.96 | 9 | <.001 | 96.55 | 672 | |
|
| ||||||||||
| PD vs. AN | Mortality | 1 | .17 | .22 | .422 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Medical morbidity | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Suicidality | 7 | .10 | .12 | .415 | 24.34 | 6 | <.001 | 75.35 | — | |
| Quality of life | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Functional impairment | 2 | −.29 | .07 | <.001 | .48 | 1 | .488 | <.001 | * | |
| Depression | 9 | .20 | .14 | .162 | 58.39 | 8 | <.001 | 86.30 | — | |
| Anxiety | 5 | .10 | .05 | .054 | 2.00 | 4 | .736 | <.001 | — | |
| Impulsivity | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Substance use | 4 | .23 | .06 | <.001 | 7.53 | 3 | .057 | 60.18 | 5 | |
| Age of onset (years) | 6 | .44 | .15 | .003 | 21.16 | 5 | .001 | 76.37 | 43 | |
| Duration of illness (months) | 7 | .10 | .07 | .177 | 13.07 | 6 | .042 | 54.08 | — | |
| Natural course (% remitted) | 2 | .10 | .32 | .759 | 1.07 | 1 | .301 | 6.69 | — | |
| Treatment outcome (% remitted) | 4 | .27 | .05 | <.001 | 3.58 | 3 | .311 | 16.18 | 18 | |
| Treatment history | 4 | −.30 | .08 | <.001 | 10.89 | 3 | .012 | 72.45 | 23 | |
| SBE frequency | 3 | −.17 | .06 | .004 | 5.67 | 2 | .059 | 64.74 | * | |
| Purging frequency | 4 | .48 | .06 | <.001 | 11.32 | 3 | .010 | 73.49 | 59 | |
| Self-esteem | 3 | .58 | .12 | <.001 | 62.59 | 2 | <.001 | 96.80 | * | |
| Perfectionism | 3 | −.08 | .08 | .346 | 2.75 | 2 | .253 | 27.34 | — | |
| Eating psychopathology | 9 | −.16 | .27 | .552 | 252.59 | 8 | <.001 | 96.83 | — | |
| Body dissatisfaction | 8 | .14 | .20 | .494 | 121.75 | 7 | <.001 | 94.25 | — | |
| Restraint | 5 | .14 | .06 | .017 | 16.43 | 4 | .002 | 75.65 | 4 | |
|
| ||||||||||
| PD vs. BN | Mortality | 1 | .86 | .26 | .001 | — | — | — | — | * |
| Medical morbidity | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Suicidality | 9 | −.57 | .34 | .093 | 113.77 | 8 | <.001 | 92.97 | — | |
| Quality of life | 1 | −2.97 | .34 | <.001 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Functional impairment | 2 | −.22 | .08 | .005 | .00 | 1 | .983 | <.001 | * | |
| Depression | 20 | −.22 | .11 | .042 | 130.51 | 19 | <.001 | 85.44 | 50 | |
| Anxiety | 13 | −.24 | .14 | .087 | 77.91 | 12 | <.001 | 84.60 | — | |
| Impulsivity | 6 | −.51 | .20 | .013 | 16.36 | 5 | .006 | 69.43 | 25 | |
| Substance use | 10 | −.06 | .06 | .339 | 7.77 | 9 | .558 | .00 | — | |
| Age of onset (years) | 9 | .26 | .11 | .012 | 21.53 | 8 | .006 | 62.84 | 25 | |
| Duration of illness (months) | 15 | −.12 | .07 | .103 | 32.55 | 14 | .003 | 56.99 | — | |
| Natural course (% remitted) | 6 | .54 | .14 | <.001 | 5.04 | 5 | .412 | .70 | 10 | |
| Treatment outcome (% remitted) | 5 | −.06 | .06 | .335 | 10.36 | 4 | .035 | 61.40 | — | |
| Treatment history | 6 | −.33 | .18 | .069 | 10.98 | 5 | .05 | 54.44 | — | |
| SBE frequency | 10 | −.27 | .15 | .073 | 45.35 | 9 | <.001 | 80.15 | — | |
| Purging frequency | 12 | −.25 | .08 | .003 | 21.62 | 11 | .027 | 49.12 | 44 | |
| Self-esteem | 8 | .45 | .21 | .036 | 68.70 | 7 | <.001 | 89.81 | 42 | |
| Perfectionism | 8 | −.42 | .21 | .044 | 80.86 | 7 | <.001 | 91.34 | 33 | |
| Eating psychopathology | 25 | −.94 | .21 | <.001 | 763.92 | 24 | <.001 | 96.86 | 3,585 | |
| Body dissatisfaction | 21 | −.33 | .07 | <.001 | 67.86 | 20 | <.001 | 70.53 | 266 | |
| Restraint | 16 | −.15 | .09 | .115 | 45.98 | 15 | <.001 | 67.38 | — | |
|
| ||||||||||
| PD vs. BED | Mortality | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Medical morbidity | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Suicidality | 5 | .16 | .09 | .085 | 3.69 | 4 | .449 | <.001 | — | |
| Quality of life | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Functional impairment | 2 | −.19 | .11 | .081 | 1.37 | 1 | .241 | 27.23 | — | |
| Depression | 7 | .02 | .19 | .920 | 24.26 | 6 | <.001 | 75.27 | — | |
| Anxiety | 6 | .10 | .17 | .550 | 9.87 | 5 | .079 | 49.35 | — | |
| Impulsivity | 1 | .28 | .46 | .536 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Substance use | 4 | .03 | .14 | .827 | 11.33 | 3 | .010 | 73.52 | — | |
| Age of onset (years) | 3 | .05 | .12 | .666 | .97 | 2 | .615 | .00 | — | |
| Duration of illness (months) | 6 | −.45 | .15 | .002 | 8.72 | 5 | .121 | 42.68 | 23 | |
| Natural course (% remitted) | 5 | .40 | .13 | .002 | 7.65 | 4 | .105 | 47.73 | 11 | |
| Treatment outcome (% remitted) | 2 | .26 | .13 | .051 | .95 | 1 | .330 | <.001 | — | |
| Treatment history | 2 | −.40 | .33 | .222 | .86 | 1 | .353 | <.001 | — | |
| SBE frequency | 3 | −.18 | .10 | .062 | .02 | 2 | .988 | <.001 | — | |
| Purging frequency | 2 | .89 | .11 | <.001 | 6.93 | 1 | .008 | 85.57 | — | |
| Self-esteem | 1 | .45 | .22 | .040 | — | — | — | — | * | |
| Perfectionism | 3 | .10 | .17 | .546 | 2.18 | 2 | .336 | 8.40 | — | |
| Eating psychopathology | 9 | −.28 | .22 | .218 | 58.87 | 8 | <.001 | 86.41 | — | |
| Body dissatisfaction | 7 | −.16 | .12 | .174 | 10.62 | 6 | .101 | 43.50 | — | |
| Restraint | 5 | .65 | .09 | <.001 | 54.41 | 4 | <.001 | 92.65 | — | |
Note. PD = Purging Disorder; AN = Anorexia Nervosa; BN = Bulimia Nervosa; BED = Binge Eating Disorder. Positive g values indicate higher means in the PD group. The fail-safe N was calculated for statistically significant effect sizes (p < .05).
*
Indicates the fail-safe N was not possible to be calculated if fewer than 3 studies were included in the comparison, or if fixed effects model was used with a limited number of studies.