Table 5.

Association between CKD and GDM by presence of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension in parous black CARDIA women

	HR (95% CI)
Variable	no GDM	GDM	LRT p for interaction of GDM & variable
Glucose intolerancea			0.4
Yes	1.00 (reference)	1.70 (0.71–4.07)
No	1.00 (reference)	2.98 (1.23–7.26)
Insulin resistanceb			0.1
Yes	1.00 (reference)	1.23 (0.47–3.23)
No	1.00 (reference)	3.80 (1.69–8.55)
HOMA-IR			0.6
>4	1.00 (reference)	1.83 (0.75–4.44)
≤4	1.00 (reference)	2.60 (1.08–6.28)
HOMA-IR			0.3
≥2.73	1.00 (reference)	1.77 (0.89–3.91)
<2.73	1.00 (reference)	3.77 (1.41–10.13)
Metabolic syndromec			0.5
Yes	1.00 (reference)	1.55 (0.55–4.35
No	1.00 (reference)	2.50 (1.15–5.43)
Diabetes mellitus			0.9
Yes	1.00 (reference)	2.05 (0.66–6.36)
No	1.00 (reference)	1.95 (0.87–4.37)
Hypertension			0.3
Yes	1.00 (reference)	1.39 (0.47–4.10)
No	1.00 (reference)	2.94 (1.38–6.26)

Note: 331 subjects contributed 948 observations to each model. Each subject can contribute one observation for each CARDIA exam year she has data available for the outcome.

Abbreviations: CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; HR, hazard ratio; LRT, likelihood ratio test