Table 1.

Summary of studies reporting effects of Aβ or AD on pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in astrocytes.

Experimental model	Pro-inflammatory agents	Anti-inflammatory agents	Reference
Primary culture of rat astrocytes treated with Aβ1-42	↑TNFα; ↑IL-1β; ↑IL-6; ↑COX-2; ↑PGE2; ↑IL-17; ↑INF-γ; ↑IP-10	↑IL-13	Hu et al., 1998; Akama and Van Eldik, 2000; Garwood et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013; Aguirre-Rueda et al., 2015
Isolated rat astrocytes treated with Aβ25-35	↑TNFα; ↑IL-1β		Del Bo et al., 1995; Ayasolla et al., 2004
Primary cultures of rat astrocytes treated with Aβ1-40	↑IL-1β; ↑IL-6		Bales et al., 1998
Mixed cultures of rat neurons and astrocytes treated with Aβ1-42 and Aβ25-35	↑TNFα		Masilamoni et al., 2005b
Primary cultures of rat astrocytes treated with spherical aggregates of synthetic Aβ	↑IL-1β		Todd and Garrard, 1979
In vivo i.c. infusion of Aβ1-42 oligomers in rats	↑IL-1β; ↑TNFα; ↑COX-2		Carrero et al., 2012
Primary culture of mice astrocytes treated with Aβ1-42	↑IL-1β; ↑IL-6; ↑TNFα	↓TGF-β1	Liu et al., 2009; Hou et al., 2011
Brain sections of Tg2576 mice stained for GFAP	↑IL-1β; ↑IL-6; ↑INF-γ; ↑IL-12	↑TGF- β1; ↑IL-10	Mehlhorn et al., 2000; Apelt and Schliebs, 2001; Abbas et al., 2002
In vivo i.c.v infusion of Aβ1-42 oligomers in mice		↓TGF-β1	Diniz et al., 2017
In vivo i.c.v infusion of Aβ1-42 in IL-32β transgenic mice	↑IP-10; ↑GM-CSF	↑IL-13	Yun et al., 2015
Astrocytoma human cell line U-373 MG treated with Aβ1-40 (co-treated with IL-1β)	↑IL-6		Gitter et al., 1995
Postmortem brain tissue from patients with AD, stained for GFAP (or other astrocytic marker)	↑IL-1β; ↑IL-6; ↑IL-18		Ojala et al., 2009; Bouvier et al., 2016

TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; i.c., intracerebral; i.c.v., intracerebroventricular.