Table 1.

Molecular identification and biofilm formation profiles of Cronobacter strains used in this study.

Origin	Strain	IDa	fusA allele	fusA sequencing	STb	CC	Serotypec	Biofilm formation 595 nm	Biofilm formation category
SPICES
White pepper	XZCRO001	1705	148	C. dublinensis	498		NF	0.141 ± 0.012	Non-biofilm producer
White pepper	XZCRO002	1706	8	C. sakazakii	495		Csak O1	0.142 ± 0.004	Non-biofilm producer
White pepper	XZCRO003	1707	18	C. sakazakii	136		Csak O2	0.158 ± 0.012	Weak
White pepper	XZCRO004	1708	36	C. sakazakii	224		Csak O7	0.141 ± 0.018	Non-biofilm producer
Red pepper powder	XZCRO005	1709	20	C. dublinensis	522		Cdub O1	0.145 ± 0.014	Non-biofilm producer
Prickly ash powder	XZCRO006	1710	18	C. sakazakii	500		Csak O7	0.143 ± 0.017	Non-biofilm producer
Prickly ash powder	XZCRO007	1711	149	C. sakazakii	501		NF	0.174 ± 0.020	Weak
Prickly ash powder	XZCRO008	1712	26	C. turicensis	502		Ctur O3	0.129 ± 0.007	Non-biofilm producer
Dried bay leaves	XZCRO009	1713	22	C. turicensis	72	72	Ctur O3	0.132 ± 0.003	Non-biofilm producer
Chinese cinnamon	XZCRO010	1714	22	C. turicensis	72	72	Ctur O3	0.134 ± 0.007	Non-biofilm producer
Aniseed powder	XZCRO011	1715	7	C. malonaticus	504		Cmal O2	0.171 ± 0.020	Weak
Prickly ash powder	XZCRO012	1716	68	C. sakazakii	143	143	Csak O3	0.173 ± 0.010	Weak
White pepper	XZCRO013	1717	144	C. dublinensis	570		NF	0.202 ± 0.021	Weak
Fennel	XZCRO014	1718	146	C. universalis	512		Cuni O1	0.734 ± 0.034	Strong
Red pepper powder	XZCRO015	1719	147	C. turicensis	506		NF	0.142 ± 0.017	Non-biofilm producer
Red pepper powder	XZCRO039	1743	67	C. sakazakii	148	16	Csak O1	0.139 ± 0.010	Non-biofilm producer
Cumin	XZCRO040	1744	67	C. sakazakii	148	16	Csak O1	0.137 ± 0.015	Non-biofilm producer
Black pepper	XZCRO041	1745	13	C. malonaticus	511		Cmal O1	0.135 ± 0.017	Non-biofilm producer
Prickly ash powder	XZCRO042	1746	17	C. sakazakii	158		Csak O1	0.143 ± 0.012	Non-biofilm producer
CEREALS
Mung bean flour	XZCRO016	1720	40	C. malonaticus	371		NF	0.145 ± 0.016	Non-biofilm producer
Red bean flour	XZCRO017	1721	20	C. dublinensis	524		Cdub O1	0.177 ± 0.030	Weak
Maize flour	XZCRO018	1722	40	C. malonaticus	371		NF	0.135 ± 0.003	Non-biofilm producer
Soybean flour	XZCRO019	1723	17	C. sakazakii	158		Csak O1	0.127 ± 0.004	Non-biofilm producer
Buckwheat flour	XZCRO020	1724	12	C. sakazakii	17	17	Csak O2	0.155 ± 0.006	Weak
Proso millet	XZCRO021	1725	36	C. sakazakii	224		Csak O7	0.126 ± 0.015	Non-biofilm producer
Black soya bean	XZCRO022	1726	67	C. sakazakii	148	16	Csak O1	0.123 ± 0.011	Non-biofilm producer
Wheat flour	XZCRO023	1727	67	C. sakazakii	148	16	Csak O1	0.175 ± 0.018	Weak
Buckwheat flour	XZCRO024	1728	7	C. malonaticus	129	129	Cmal O2	0.172 ± 0.009	Weak
Mung bean flour	XZCRO025	1729	20	C. dublinensis	175		NF	0.140 ± 0.009	Non-biofilm producer
Mung bean flour	XZCRO026	1730	1	C. sakazakii	4	4	Csak O2	0.146 ± 0.005	Non-biofilm producer
Glutinous rice	XZCRO027	1731	1	C. sakazakii	508		Csak O2	0.147 ± 0.015	Non-biofilm producer
Oatmeal flour	XZCRO028	1732	12	C. sakazakii	17	17	Csak O2	0.129 ± 0.009	Non-biofilm producer
Black rice	XZCRO029	1733	20	C. dublinensis	176		Cdub O1	0.136 ± 0.010	Non-biofilm producer
Maize flour	XZCRO030	1734	8	C. sakazakii	50		Csak O1	0.129 ± 0.012	Non-biofilm producer
Wheat flour	XZCRO031	1735	18	C. sakazakii	136		Csak O2	0.154 ± 0.008	Weak
Barley flour	XZCRO032	1736	8	C. sakazakii	68		Csak O2	0.159 ± 0.005	Weak
Maize flour	XZCRO033	1737	1	C. sakazakii	509		Csak O2	0.152 ± 0.003	Weak
Oatmeal flour	XZCRO034	1738	146	C. universalis	510		Cuni O1	0.160 ± 0.005	Weak
Wheat flour	XZCRO035	1739	14	C. sakazakii	13	13	Csak O2	0.146 ± 0.017	Non-biofilm producer
Soybean flour	XZCRO043	1747	67	C. sakazakii	148	16	Csak O1	0.381 ± 0.012	Moderate
Negative control								0.125 ± 0.008

^aID, Strain identification code in the Cronobacter PubMLST database.

^bNewly determined alleles and STs are in bold type.

^cNF, Not found.