Table 2.
Overview of published cases due to E. spinifera and E. dermatitidis.
| First author/year | Age/Sex | Country | Initial site | Cutaneous | Extra-cutaneous | Immuno-suppression | Treatment | Outcome | Disease type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. SPINIFERA | |||||||||
| Rajam 1958 | 7/M | India | Face | Disseminated | Bone | No | Penicillin, streptomycin, nystatin, isoniazid | Death | CBM |
| Nielsen 1968 | 72/F | USA | Face | Unique | No | No | Surgery | CR | PHM |
| Padhye 1983 | 6/M | El Salvador | Face | Disseminated | Lung | No | AMB, KTC, 5-FC, ITC | PR | PHM |
| Padhye1984 | 60/M | USA | Arm | Regional | No | Yes | KTC, 5-FC | CR | PHM |
| Lacaz 1984 | 5/F | Brazil | Cutaneous | Unknown | Brain | Unknown | AMB | Unknown | PHM |
| Kotylo 1989 | 62/F | USA | Finger | Unique | No | Yes | Surgery, ITC | CR | PHM |
| Barba-Gomez 1992 | 49/M | Mexico | Finger | Unique | No | No | ITC, liquid nitrogen | CR | CBM |
| Mirza 1993 | 13/M | Pakistan | Unknown | Disseminated | No | No | AMB, 5-FC | PR | PHM |
| Padhye 1996 | 62/M | USA | Finger | Regional | No | Yes | 5-FC, ITC, surgery | PR, relapse | CBM |
| Campos-Takaki 1994 | 12/M | Brazil | Face | Disseminated | Bone, LAD | No | AMB | Death | PHM |
| Oba 2000 | 66/F | Japan | Arm | Unique | No | No | ITC, heat therapy | PR | PHM |
| Rajendran 2003 | 12/F | India | Face | Disseminated | LAD | No | ITC | PR | PHM |
| Negroni 2004 | 32/F | Argentina | Face | Few, distant | Bone, LAD | Yes | ITC, AMB, PZC, surgery | CR | PHM |
| Dutriaux 2005 | 59/F | France1 | Leg | Few, regional | No | Yes | VRC | PR | PHM |
| Takahara 2005 | 85/F | Japan | Arm | Regional | No | Yes | ITC, minocycline | CR | PHM |
| Develoux 2006 | 58/M | Senegal | Leg | Regional | No | No | TBF | Failure | CBM |
| Tomson 2006 | 78/M | Pakistan | Arm | Unique | No | No | ITC | Stability | CBM |
| Singal 2008 | 10/M | India | Leg | Disseminated | No | No | ITC, FCZ, TBF, cryo | Failure | PHM |
| Baubion 2008 | 73/M | France | Arm and leg | Multiple, Regional | No | Yes | ITC | Death | PHM |
| Chandler 2008 | 8/M | India | Leg | Disseminated | LAD | No | ITC, TBF | Failure | PHM |
| Harris 2009 | 49/M | USA | Leg | Few, regional | No | Yes | ITC | CR | PHM |
| Lin 2010 | 67/F | China | Scalp | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ITC | CR | PHM |
| Radhakrishnan 2010 | 20/F | India | Neck | Disseminated | Hepatic | No | KTC | Death | PHM |
| Li 2011 | 22/F | China | Face | Disseminated | Bone | No | Unknown | Death | PHM |
| Li 2011 | 9/M | China | Face | Disseminated | Bone | No | 5-FC | Death | PHM |
| Badali 2012 | 55/M | India | Arm | Few, distant | No | No | Surgery | CR | PHM |
| Lin 2012 | 27/F | China | Leg | Multiple, regional | No | Yes | FLC | Death | PHM |
| Singh 2012 | 26/M | India | Face | Multiple, regional | No | No | ITC | PR | PHM |
| Daboit 2012 | 80/M | Brazil | Hand | Unique | No | No | ITC | CR | PHM |
| Badali 2012 | 55/M | India | Arm | Few, distant | No | No | Surgery | CR | PHM |
| Lanternier 2015 | 26/F | Iran | Face | Disseminated | Lungs | CARD9 | FCZ, ITC, VRC | PR, relapse | PHM |
| Wang 2015 | 14/F | China | Trunk | Few, distant | No | No | ITC, ITC, TBF | CR | PHM |
| Wang 2015 | 23/F | China | Finger | Few, regional | No | No | 5-FC | Lost to follow-up | PHM |
| Bohelay 2016 | 76/M | France | Finger | Unique | No | Yes | Surgery, ITC | Relapse, CR | PHM |
| Srinivas 2016 | 12/M | India | Foot | Disseminated | Bone and brain | No | ITC, VRC | CR | CBM |
| Wendy 2016 | 45/M | Brazil | Purulent subcutaneous cyst | Regional | No | Yes | ITC | CR | PHM |
| E. DERMATITIDIS: | |||||||||
| Hiruma 1993 | 24/M | Japan | Brain abscess | Disseminated | Brain | None | MCZ, 5-FC, AMPH-B, KTC | Death | PHM |
| Lye 1993 | 39/M | Singapore | Peritonitis | Disseminated | Peritonitis | Peritoneal dialysis | Catheter removal, FLC | NM | Peritonitis |
| Blaschke-Hellmessen 1994 | 3/M | Germany | Fungemia | Disseminated | blood | AML | Catheter removal, AMPB, 5-FC | Death | Acute leukemia |
| Ajanee 1996 | 70/M | Singapore | Brain abscess | Disseminated | Brain | None | AMB, Op | Death | PHM |
| Woollons 1996 | 58/F | UK | Phaeohyphomycosis | Regional | No | RA, steroid | ITC, Op | Cure | Lung cancer |
| Nachman 1996 | 3/M | USA | Fungemia | Disseminated | Brain | HIV | Catheter removal, AMB, ITC | Death | PHM |
| Chang 2000 | 28/M | Korea | Meningitis, brain abscess | Disseminated | Brain | None | AMB, Op | Death | PHM |
| Vlassopoulos 2001 | 53/F | Greece | Peritonitis | Disseminated | Peritonitis | Peritoneal dialysis | Catheter removal, FLC | Cure | Peritonitis |
| Diemert 2001 | 29/F | Canada | Pneumonia | Regional | NO | Cystic fibrosis | AMB, ITC, VRC | Cure | Cystic fibrosis |
| Liou 2002 | 62/M | Taiwan | Lymphadinitis | Disseminated | Unknown | AML | AMB, ITC | Relapse | Lymphadinitis |
| Myoken 2003 | 39/F | Japan | Invasive stomatitis | Disseminated | Peritonitis | AML | ITC, AMB | Cure | Stomatitis |
| Greig 2003 | 55/F | UK | Peritonitis | Disseminated | Peritonitis | Peritoneal dialysis | Catheter removal, AMB | Cure | Peritonitis |
| Tseng 2005 | 58/F | Taiwan | Fungemia | Disseminated | Blood | Lung cancer | Catheter removal, AMB | Cure | Catheter-related fungaemia |
| Mukaino 2006 | 54/F | Japan | Pneumonia | Regional | No | Bronchiectasis | MCZ, nebulized AMB | Death | Pulmonary disorder |
| Taj-Aldeen 2006 | 54/F | Netherlands | Pneumonia | Regional | No | DM, systemic cancer | FLC, ITC, AMB | Cure | Pneumonia |
| Ozawa 2007 | 81/F | Japan | Pneumonia | Regional | No | None | FLC, ITC | Cure | Pneumonia |
| Alabaz 2009 | 8/M | Turkey | Systemic phaeohyphomycosis | Disseminated | Unknown | None | AMB, VRC | Death | PHM |
| Chang 2009 | 3/M | China | Brain abscess, meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | None | AMB, FLC, ITC | Death | PHM |
| Hong 2009 | 11/F | Korea | Liver chirosis | Disseminated | Liver | None | VRC, liver transplant | Death | Liver cirrhosis |
| Oztas 2009 | 24/F | Turkey | Systemic phaeohyphomycosis | Disseminated | Unknown | None | AMB, VRC | Cure | PHM |
| Griffard 2010 | 16/F | USA | Pneumonia | Regional | No | Cystic fibrosis | ITC, VRC | Relapse | Pneumonia |
| Bulloch 2011 | 86/F | USA | Lung nodule | Regional | No | Dementia | VRC | Cure | Lung nodule |
| Russo 2010 | 17/M | Argentina | Phaeohyphomycosis | Regional | No | None | ITC, Op | Cure | PHM |
| Suzuki 2012 | 65/M | Japan | Lung nodule | Regional | No | Multiple myeloma | VRC, Op | Cure | Lung nodule |
| Li 2010 | 19/F | China | Meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | None | NM | Death | Meningitis |
| Li 2010 | 30/F | China | Meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | None | NM | Death | Meningitis |
| Li 2010 | 3/M | China | Meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | None | AMB, 5-FC | Death | Meningitis |
| Alabaz 2009 | 8/M | China | hepatic lesions | Disseminated | Lymph node | None | AMB, VRC | Death | Lymph node |
| CDC 2002 | 77/F | USA | Meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | Contaminated injectable steroids | AMB, VRC, 5-FC | Death | Meningitis |
| CDC 2002 | 61/F | USA | Meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | Contaminated injectable steroids | VRC | Cure | Meningitis |
| CDC 2002 | 71/F | USA | Meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | Contaminated injectable steroids | NM | NM | Meningitis |
| CDC 2002 | 65/F | USA | Meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | Contaminated injectable steroids | NM | NM | Meningitis |
| CDC 2002 | 52/F | USA | Meningitis | Disseminated | Brain | Contaminated injectable steroids | NM | NM | Meningitis |
| Greig 2003 | 55/M | USA | Peritonitis | Disseminated | Yes | CAPD | AMB, ITC | Cure | Peritonitis |
| Liou 2002 | 62/F | China | Lymph-adenitis | Disseminated | Yes | AML | AMB, ITC, FLC | Cure | Lymphadenitis |
| Kerkmann 1999 | 19/F | Germany | Chronic otitis | Disseminated | Yes | NM | NYS | Cure | Chronic otitis |
| Kabel 1994 | 5/M | Netherlands | Intravascular | Disseminated | Yes | No | ITC | Cure | AML |
| Kusenbach 1992 | 6/F | Germany | Pneumonia | Regional | Yes | No | ITC | Cure | Cystic fibrosis |
| Kenney 1992 | 21/F | USA | Systemic | Disseminated | Yes | No | AMB, FLC, KTC | Cure | Chronic granulomatous disease |
| Ventin 1987 | 63/M | Germany | Systemic | Disseminated | Yes | Intravenous drug abuse | AMB | Death | Valvular aortal prosthesis |
| Patel 2013 | 50/F | India | Invasive | Disseminated | No | NO | AMB, FLC, VRC, ITC | Cure | Native-valve endocarditis |
| Woollons 1996 | 58/M | UK | Subcutaneous | Regional | No | Steroid injection | ITC, skin grafting, surgery | Cure | Painful nodules on right hand |
| Crosby 1989 | 60/M | USA | Subcutaneous | Regional | No | NO | Op | Cure | Subcutaneous |
| Scott 1986 | 74/M | Australia | Subcutaneous | Regional | No | Burn wood | Op | Cure | PHM |
| Patel 2006 | 52/M | USA | Superficial | Regional | No | Keratomilensis | NATA, ITC, FLC | Cure | Keratitis |
| Benaoudia 1999 | 31/M | France | Superficial | Regional | No | Keratoplasty | Steroids, ITC | Cure | Keratitis |
| Pospisil 1990 | 51/F | Czechia | Superficial | Regional | No | NM | BFC | Cure | Melanonychia |
| Pospisil 1990 | 35/M | Czechia | Superficial | Regional | No | RecklingHausen | AMB, iodine, vitamins | NM | Keratitis |
| Matsumoto 1993 | 42/M | Japan | Nail | Regional | No | No | ITC | Cure | Toe nail |
| Matsumoto 1992 | 51/F | Japan | PHM | Regional | No | Diabetes | BFC | Cure | Toe nail |
| Sood 2014 | 21/M | India | Cerebral | Disseminated | Brain | NM | Op, AMB, VRC | Cure | Ear abscess |
| Ajanee 1996 | 70/M | Pakistan | Invasive | Disseminated | Brain | None | AMB, Op | Death | Brain abscess |
| Simpson 1995 | 53/F | UK | Peritoneal dialysis | Disseminated | Yes | Peritoneal dialysis | Catheter removal, FLC | Cure | Peritonitis |
| Haase 1990 | 54/F | Germany | Pneumonia | Regional | No | None | MCZ, nebulized AMB | Cure | Pneumonia |
| Crosby 1989 | 60/M | USA | Endophthalmitis | Regional | No | None | ITC, Op | Cure | Endophthalmitis |
| Hu 2014 | 8/M | China | Lung, CNS | Disseminated | No | None | 5-FC, AMB, VRC | Cure | Pneumonia |
| Lanternier 2014 | 6/F | France | Brain, liver | Disseminated | Brain | CARD9- | NM | Relapse | NM |
| Chen 2016 | 78/M | China | Forearm | Regional | No | None | ITC | Cure | PHM |
| Watanabe 1961 | 41/M | Japan | Cheek | Regional | No | None | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Shimazono 1963 | 30/F | Japan | Brain | Disseminated | Brain | None | NM | Death | PHM |
| Sugawara 1964 | 15/M | Japan | Cheek | Disseminated | liver, gall bladder | Trauma | NM | Death | PHM |
| Tsai 2005 | 19/F | China | Cholelithiasis | Disseminated | Brain | Cholelithiasis | NM | Death | PHM |
| Harada 1989 | 15/M | Japan | Cutaneous | Disseminated | Lung | Cutaneous | NM | Death | PHM |
| Hohl 1983 | 65/M | USA | Subcutaneous | Regional | No | None | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Levenson 1984 | 29/M | USA | Cornea | Regional | No | Diabetes | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Crosby 1989 | 55/F | USA | Subcutaneous | Regional | No | Angina pectoris | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Barenfanger 1989 | 79/F | USA | Lung | Regional | No | Polymyositis | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Sharkey 1990 | 58/M | USA | Subcutaneous | Regional | No | Bronchiectasis | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Sharkey 1990 | 77/M | USA | Skin | Regional | No | Vasculitis | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Margo 1990 | 75/F | USA | Eye | Regional | No | Rheumatoid | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Crosby 1989 | 55/F | USA | Polymyositis | Disseminated | Blood | Polymyositis | NM | Death | PHM |
| Matsumoto 1990 | 34/M | Japan | Subcutaneous | Regional | No | Leukemia | NM | Cure | PHM |
| Myoken 2003 | 39/F | Japan | Gingiva | Regional | No | Leukemia | Op | Cure | PHM |
| Matsumoto 1992 | 51/F | Japan | Toe nail | Regional | No | None | BFC | Cure | PHM |
| Griffard 2010 | 16/F | USA | Acute respiratory exacerbations | Disseminated | Yes | Cystic fibrosis | VRC | Relapse | PHM |
| Diemert 2001 | 29/F | Canada | Lung | Disseminated | Yes | Cystic fibrosis | AMB, VRC | Cure | Invasive pulmonary |
| Kenney 1992 | 21/F | India | Cerebral | Disseminated | Brain | None | AMB, Op | Cure | Systemic infection |
Seventy seven E. dermatitidis cases and 36 E. spinifera cases have been reported in the English literature; main clinical characteristics are included.