Table 3. Multivariable-adjusted HR for incident gastroduodenal ulcer among 13 420 women according to ABO blood type, Rh factor, and lifestyle factors in the Japan Nurses’ Health Study (from birth).
| (a) All participants | |||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Birth year | |||
| Post-1955 | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Pre-1956 | 1.04 | 0.91–1.19 | 0.59 |
| ABO blood group | |||
| Non-O | 1.00 | Referent | |
| O | 1.18 | 1.04–1.34 | <0.01 |
| O | 1.00 | Referent | |
| A | 0.88a | 0.78–1.01 | 0.06 |
| B | 0.83a | 0.72–0.97 | 0.02 |
| AB | 0.93a | 0.77–1.14 | 0.49 |
| Rh factor | |||
| Positive | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Negative | 0.98 | 0.78–1.23 | 0.85 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Current smoker | 1.74 | 1.48–2.03 | <0.01 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 0.96 | 0.84–1.11 | 0.57 |
| NSAID users | |||
| No | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Yes | 1.35 | 1.16–1.57 | <0.01 |
| Green tea consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 1.00 | 0.85–1.17 | 0.98 |
| Coffee consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 0.81 | 0.70–0.93 | <0.01 |
| Miso soup consumption | |||
| ≤3 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥4 days/week | 0.93 | 0.83–1.06 | 0.28 |
| Breakfast | |||
| Rice | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Bread | 0.87 | 0.77–0.99 | 0.04 |
| (b) Participants born pre-1956 | |||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| ABO blood group | |||
| Non-O | 1.00 | Referent | |
| O | 1.22 | 1.00–1.49 | 0.047 |
| O | 1.00 | Referent | |
| A | 0.83a | 0.68–1.02 | 0.07 |
| B | 0.80a | 0.63–1.01 | 0.06 |
| AB | 0.87a | 0.64–1.18 | 0.37 |
| Rh factor | |||
| Positive | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Negative | 1.01 | 0.73–1.38 | 0.98 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Current smoker | 1.89 | 1.45–2.48 | <0.01 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 0.82 | 0.65–1.03 | 0.09 |
| NSAID users | |||
| No | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Yes | 1.20 | 0.89–1.63 | 0.23 |
| Green tea consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 0.87 | 0.66–1.17 | 0.36 |
| Coffee consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 0.86 | 0.68–1.09 | 0.21 |
| Miso soup consumption | |||
| ≤3 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥4 days/week | 1.04 | 0.85–1.27 | 0.70 |
| Breakfast | |||
| Rice | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Bread | 0.98 | 0.79–1.20 | 0.82 |
| (c) Participants born post-1955 | |||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| ABO blood group | |||
| Non-O | 1.00 | Referent | |
| O | 1.15 | 0.98–1.35 | 0.09 |
| O | 1.00 | Referent | |
| A | 0.92a | 0.78–1.09 | 0.36 |
| B | 0.86a | 0.70–1.05 | 0.13 |
| AB | 0.98a | 0.76–1.27 | 0.88 |
| Rh factor | |||
| Positive | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Negative | 0.94 | 0.67–1.32 | 0.71 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Current smoker | 1.65 | 1.37–2.00 | <0.01 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 1.06 | 0.89–1.27 | 0.50 |
| NSAID users | |||
| No | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Yes | 1.41 | 1.19–1.68 | <0.01 |
| Green tea consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 1.05 | 0.87–1.26 | 0.60 |
| Coffee consumption | |||
| ≤2 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥3 days/week | 0.77 | 0.64–0.92 | <0.01 |
| Miso soup consumption | |||
| ≤3 days/week | 1.00 | Referent | |
| ≥4 days/week | 0.88 | 0.75–1.03 | 0.10 |
| Breakfast | |||
| Rice | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Bread | 0.82 | 0.70–0.97 | 0.02 |
CI, confidence interval; Non-O, A, B, and AB blood groups; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; HR, hazard ratio; Rh, Rhesus.
aBirth-year-group adjusted HR.