Table 2.
A summary table showing data for prevalence of BQ chewing among adults and their incidence and mortality of oral and pharyngeal cancers available from various countries.
| Country, publication year [Ref]d | Lifetime prevalence of chewinga | Incidenceb of oral and pharyngeal cancersc | Mortalityb of oral and pharyngeal cancers | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Total | Males | Females | Males | Females | |||||||||
| (%) | (%) | (%) | Oe | Pf | O/Pg | O | P | O/P | O | P | O/P | O | P | O/P | |
| World | —h | — | 10.0 | 5.5 | 3.2 | 8.7 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 4.9 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
| South-Eastern Asia | — | — | — | 4.0 | 2.6 | 6.6 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
| Indonesia, 2011 [48] | 12.4 | 47.8 | 30.2 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.2 |
| Thailand, 1987 [49] | 16.0 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 5.1 | 2.6 | 7.7 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.9 |
| 2012 [50] | 0.3 | 3.3 | 1.8i | ||||||||||||
| Myanmar, 2006 [51] | 24.5 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 17.7 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 8.3 | 14.6 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 4.0 | ||
| 2016 [52] | 72.4 | 38.6 | 52.4 | ||||||||||||
| Philippines — | — | — | — | 4.1 | 2.6 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 4.4 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.9 |
| Vietnam, 2008 [53] | — | 6.7 | — | 3.3 | 2.6 | 5.9 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
| Malaysia, 1997 (Sarawak) [54] | 30.3 | 63.5 | 49.3 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 5.0 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.1 |
| 1998 (Sarawak) [55] | 25.2 | 61.2 | 45.9 | ||||||||||||
| 2000 [56] | 23.7 | 76.3 | 18.4 | ||||||||||||
| 2011 [57] | 4.8 | 10.5 | 8.2 | ||||||||||||
| 2011 [48] | 10.3 | 32.1 | 23.8 | ||||||||||||
| Cambodia, 1995 [58] | 6.8 | 40.6 | 31.2 | 7.1 | 3.8 | 10.9 | 5.2 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 7.5 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 3.9 |
| 2016 [59] | 19.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Singapore — | — | — | — | 3.4 | 2.0 | 5.4 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| South-Central Asia | — | — | — | 9.9 | 6.2 | 16.1 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 11.6 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 4.2 |
| India, 1996 [60] | 37.8 | 29.7 | 33.0 | 10.1 | 6.3 | 16.4 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 5.3 | 12.0 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 4.1 |
| 2015 [61] | |||||||||||||||
| BQ with tobacco | 7.5 | 4.9 | 6.2 | ||||||||||||
| Gutka & other areca nut mixtures | 13.1 | 2.9 | 8.2 | ||||||||||||
| Pan masala or BQ without tobacco | 3.5 | 5.4 | 4.4 | ||||||||||||
| Bangladesh, 2015 [29] | 38.4 | 32.5 | 34.9 | 13.0 | 14.9 | 27.9 | 5.9 | 3.1 | 9.0 | 7.7 | 12.9 | 20.6 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 6.2 |
| Pakistan, 1974 [62] | 27.9 | 37.8 | 32.5 | 10.5 | 3.0 | 13.5 | 9.1 | 4.1 | 13.2 | 6.3 | 2.6 | 8.9 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 6.7 |
| 2006 [63] | 37.8 | ||||||||||||||
| 2007 [64] | 40.0 | ||||||||||||||
| 2008 [65] | 34 | 31 | 32 | ||||||||||||
| Sri Lanka, 1992 [66] | 54.0 | 42.0 | 45.2 | ||||||||||||
| 2011 [48] | 21.2 | 14.5 | 16.9 | 15.5 | 7.2 | 22.7 | 5.7 | 3.3 | 9.0 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 10.4 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 4.2 |
| Nepal, 2011 [48] | 43.6 | 34.9 | 40.7 | 7.2 | 3.9 | 11.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 4.8 | 3.5 | 8.3 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.3 |
| Eastern Asia | — | — | — | 2.4 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Taiwan, 1992 [67] | 16.5 | 2.9 | 10.0 | 27.7 | 14.0 | 41.7j | 2.7 | 0.8 | 3.5j | — | — | 15.1j | — | — | 1.2j |
| 2005 [68] | 18.9 | 1.7 | |||||||||||||
| 2005 [69] | 14.5 | 0.1 | 7.2 | ||||||||||||
| 2008 [70] | 20.9 | 1.2 | |||||||||||||
| 2011 [48] | 15.6 | 3.0 | 8.9 | ||||||||||||
| Mainland China, 1997 (Hunan) [71] | 39.3 | 30.5 | 35.4 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| 2011 (Hunan) [48] | 29.0 | 2.3 | 16.2 | ||||||||||||
| Japan — | — | — | — | 3.9 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
| Republic of Korea — | — | — | — | 2.9 | 2.4 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| Pacific islands | |||||||||||||||
| Papua New Guinea, 1968 [72] | 62.8 | 52.8 | 57.7 | 30.3 | 4.5 | 34.8 | 21.2 | 0.5 | 21.7 | 19.4 | 3.6 | 23.0 | 10.3 | 0.4 | 10.7 |
| 2007 [73] | 76 | ||||||||||||||
| 2008 [74] | 93.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Solomon Islands, 2007 [4] | 83.0 | 68.4 | 76.8 | 5.7 | 0.8 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
| Palau, 1996 [75] | 72.0 | 80.0 | — | ||||||||||||
| Guam — | — | — | — | 5.2 | 0.0 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
afrom IARC report [9]; bGLOBOCAN 2012 [76]; cthe age-standardized rates per 100,000 (standardized to the world standard population); d[Ref]: reference; eO: oral cancer; fP: pharyngeal cancer; gO/P: oral and pharyngeal cancers; h—: no recent data were available; iBQ with tobacco; jfrom Ministry of Health and Welfare, Cancer Registration System Annual Report, Taiwan, 2012 [77].