Table 5.
Comparison of demographics, posterior vitreous status, and psychologic parameters among different discomfort severity groups.
| Mild discomfort (n = 20) | Moderate discomfort (n = 24) | Severe discomfort (n = 17) | p valuesa | Post hoc analysisb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 54.6 ± 10.1 | 56.4 ± 12.2 | 58.8 ± 10.3 | 0.459 | |
| Female, n (%) | 12 (60) | 15 (63) | 14 (82) | 0.289 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 3 (15) | 3 (13) | 3 (18) | 0.900 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 6 (30) | 7 (29) | 7 (41) | 0.685 | |
| Education, yrs | 12.2 3.3 | 11.7 3.7 | 10.5 2.9 | 0.330 | |
| Outdoor occupation, n (%) | 3 (15) | 2 (8) | 1 (6) | 0.618 | |
| Visual acuity (logMAR) | 0.07 ± 0.20 | 0.06 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.965 | |
| Refractive errors (SEQ), diopters | −1.5 ± 3.4 | −1.2 ± 3.4 | 0.05 ± 2.7 | 0.333 | |
| Pseudophakia, n (%) | 2 (10) | 1 (4) | 1 (6) | 0.820 | |
| PVD grading, n (%) | 0.091c | ||||
| No PVD | 4 (20) | 4 (17) | 1 (6) | ||
| Partial PVD | 2 (10) | 2 (8) | 0 | ||
| Complete PVD | 14 (70) | 18 (75) | 16 (94) | ||
| Depression (PHQ-9) | 3.1 ± 3.5 | 6.3 ± 5.9 | 10.9 ± 7.0 | <0.001 | Mild, moderate < severe |
| Stress (PSS) | 12.8 ± 5.0 | 16.3 ± 5.0 | 22.4 ± 7.1 | <0.001 | Mild < moderate < severe |
| Anxiety (STAI) | |||||
| State anxiety | 37.3 ± 8.6 | 41.7 ± 11.4 | 52.4 ± 13.5 | <0.001 | Mild, moderate < severe |
| Trait anxiety | 38.0 ± 7.4 | 41.8 ± 10.5 | 51.4 ± 10.2 | <0.001 | Mild, moderate < severe |
aOne-way ANOVA and chi-square test or Fisher's exact test used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively; bpost hoc analysis using LSD method. Significantly different groups are represented; cCuzick's Wilcoxon-type nonparametric trend test. logMAR: logarithm of minimal angle of resolution; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; PVD: posterior vitreous detachment; SEQ: spherical equivalent; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.