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. 2017 Dec 21;8:1897. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01897

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Structure and function of ARNAX. (A) Structure and signaling pathway of ARNAX. ARNAX activates endosomal toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), but not cytoplasmic MDA5/RIG-I. The TLR3–TICAM-1–IRF3–IFN-β signaling axis is indispensable in dendritic cells (DCs) for ARNAX-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction. (B) ARNAX therapy enhances antitumor responses in conjunction with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Tumors are self-originating and essentially lack adjuvant. In the absence of adjuvant, DCs remain immature state (immature DC) and fail to induce tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CTLs (upper left panel). ARNAX activates TLR3 in DCs to induce maturation and cross-priming of TAA-specific CTLs in lymphoid tissues (priming phase) (lower left panel). PD-1/PD-L1 blockade potentiates ARNAX-mediated CTL induction in the priming phase and reinvigorates tumor infiltrating CTLs in the effector phase (right panel).