Table 1.
Species diversity collected at Bunaken National Park (BNP) grouped by phylogenetic relatedness, localities of their collection, depth and abundance and indication of known chemistry.
| Clade | Family | Species | Locality | Depth and Abundance a | Bioactive Compounds | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anaspidae (sea hares) | Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809 | Stylocheilus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832) | Bunaken | 10 m; rare | see text and Table 2 | |
| Sacoglossa | Caliphyllidae Tiberi, 1881 | Cyerce sp. 4 (cf. Cyerce bourbonica Yonow, 2012) | Bunaken | 3–10 m; uncommon | nothing published | |
| Cyerce sp. 2 | Bunaken | 3–7 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Oxynoidae Stoliczka, 1868 (1847) | Lobiger sp. 1 | Bunaken | 7 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Lobiger viridis (Pease, 1863) | Bunaken | 8 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Plakobranchidae Gray, 1840 | Elysia asbecki Wägele, Stemmer, (Burghardt and Händeler, 2010) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen, Tiwoho | 4–15 m; uncommon | nothing published | ||
| 3 undescribed Elysia species | Bunaken, Siladen | 5–9 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Thuridilla albopustulosa (Gosliner, 1995) | Bunaken | 6 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Thuridilla flavomaculata (Gosliner, 1995) | Bunaken | 2–7 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Thuridilla gracilis (Risbec, 1928) | Bunaken, Siladen | 3–8 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Thuridilla lineolata (Bergh, 1905) | Bunaken, Siladen, Tiwoho | 1–9 m; abundant | nothing published | |||
| Cephalaspidea | Aglajidae Pilsbry, 1895 (1847) | unidentified specimen | Tiwoho | 5 m; rare | nothing published | |
| Chelidonura amoena (Bergh, 1905) | Bunaken | 1 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Chelidonura hirundinina (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) | Bunaken, Manado Tua | 5 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Odontoglaja guamensis (Rudman, 1978) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Tiwoho | 3–19 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Diaphanidae Odhner, 1914 (1857) | Colpodaspis thompsoni (G. H. Brown, 1979) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen, Tiwoho | 4–11 m; uncommon | nothing published | ||
| Gastropteridae Swainson, 1840 | Sagaminopteron psychedelicum (Carlson and Hoff, 1974) | Bunaken, Manado Tua | 4–15 m; uncommon | see text and Table 2 | ||
| Siphopteron brunneomarginatum (Carlson and Hoff, 1974) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen | 4–10 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Siphopteron cf. ladrones (Carlson and Hoff, 1974) | Bunaken | 5 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Siphopteron nigromarginatum (Gosliner, 1989) | Manado Tua | 5 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Siphopteron spec. | Bunaken | 4–5 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Siphopteron tigrinum (Gosliner, 1989) | Bunaken | 5–6 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Haminoeidae Pilsbry, 1895 | 2 undescribed Haminoea species | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen | 3–13 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Pleurobranchomorpha | Pleurobranchidae Gray, 1827 | Pleurobranchus forskalii (Rüppell and Leuckart, 1828) | Bunaken, Siladen | 4–8 m; common | see text and text and Table 2 | |
| Nudibranchia | Anthobranchia | Aegiridae P. Fischer, 1883 | Notodoris serenae (Gosliner and Behrens, 1997) | Manado Tua | 13 m; rare | nothing published |
| Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891 | Ceratosoma sp. 2 | Bunaken | 5–8 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Chromodoris annae (Bergh, 1877) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen, Tiwoho | 4–23 m; abundant | nothing published | |||
| Chromodoris cf. boucheti (Rudman, 1982) | Siladen | 8 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Chromodoris dianae (Gosliner and Behrens, 1998) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen, Tiwoho | 4–21 m; abundant | nothing published | |||
| Chromodoris lochi (Rudman, 1982) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen | 5–17 m; common | see text and Table 2 | |||
| Chromodoris strigata (Rudman, 1982) | Siladen | 11 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Chromodoris willani (Rudman, 1982) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen | 7–21 m; common | nothing published | |||
| Doriprismatica (=Glossodoris) stellata (Rudman, 1986) | Bunaken | 4–21 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Glossodoris (=Casella) cincta (Bergh, 1888) | Tiwoho | 6 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Goniobranchus geometricus (Risbec, 1928) | Bunaken, Tiwoho | 4–8 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Goniobranchus reticulatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832) | Manado Tua | 15 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Hypselodoris maculosa (Pease, 1871) | Bunaken, Tiwoho | 4–6 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Dendrodorididae O’Donoghue, 1924 (1864) | Dendrodoris albobrunnea (Allan, 1933) | Bunaken | 4 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Dendrodoris nigra (Stimpson, 1855) | Bunaken | 4 m; rare | see text and Table 2 | |||
| Discodorididae Bergh, 1891 | Taringa halgerda (Gosliner and Behrens, 1998) | Bunaken, Tiwoho | 6 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Halgerda carlsoni (Rudman, 1978) | Manado Tua | 5 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Halgerda tessellata (Bergh, 1880) | Siladen | 5 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Rostanga sp. 4 | Manado Tua | 13m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Hexabranchidae Bergh, 1891 | Hexabranchus sanguineus (Rüppell and Leuckart, 1830) | Bunaken | 2 m; rare | see text and Table 2 | ||
| Goniodorididae H. Adams and A. Adams, 1854 | Trapania euryeia (Gosliner and Fahay, 2008) | Bunaken | 6 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Gymnodorididae Odhner, 1941 | Gymnodoris sp. | Bunaken, Manado Tua | 5–7 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Phyllidiidae Rafinesque, 1814 | Phyllidia coelestis (Bergh, 1905) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Tiwoho | 2–15 m | see text and Table 2 | ||
| Phyllidia elegans (Bergh, 1869) | Bunaken, Siladen | 2–19 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Phyllidia ocellata (Cuvier, 1804) | Tiwoho | 5 m; rare | see text and Table 2 | |||
| Phyllidia varicosa (Lamarck, 1801) | Bunaken | 4–21 m; uncommon | see text and Table 2 | |||
| Phyllidiella annulata (Gray, 1853) | Bunaken, Manado Tua | 11–13 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Phyllidiella pustulosa (Cuvier, 1804) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen, Tiwoho | 5–19 | see text and Table 2 | |||
| Phyllidiella striata (Bergh, 1889) | Bunaken | 15 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Phyllidiopsis pipeki (Brunckhorst, 1993) | Bunaken | 14–15 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Phyllidiopsis sphingis (Brunckhorst, 1993) | Manado Tua | 19 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Polyceridae Alder and Hancock, 1845 | Nembrotha cristata (Bergh, 1877) | Bunaken, Siladen | 4–15 m; rare | see text and Table 2 | ||
| Nembrotha kubaryana (Bergh, 1877) | Tiwoho | 6 m; rare | see text and Table 2 | |||
| Kaloplocamus dokte (Vallès and Gosliner, 2006) | Bunaken | 7 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Polycera japonica (Baba, 1949) | Bunaken | 7–8 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Polycera risbeci (Odhner, 1941) | Bunaken | 7–8 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Nudibranchia | Subclade Cladobranchia | Arminidae Iredale and O’Donoghue, 1923 (1841) | Dermatobranchus fasciatus (Gosliner and Fahey, 2011) | Bunaken | 7 m; rare | nothing published |
| Dermatobranchus striatus (van Hasselt, 1824) | Manado Tua | 7 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Eubranchidae Odhner, 1934 | Eubranchus sp. 4 | Bunaken | 18 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Facelinidae Bergh, 1889 | Caloria indica (Bergh, 1896) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen, Tiwoho | 3–6 m; uncommon | nothing published | ||
| Favorinus japonicus (Baba, 1949) | Bunaken, Siladen | 5–10 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Favorinus mirabilis (Baba, 1955) | Bunaken | 23 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Favorinus tsuruganus (Baba and Abe, 1964) | Bunaken | 6–23 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Noumeaella sp. No. 1–2 | Bunaken | 4–12 m; uncommon | nothing published | |||
| Phyllodesmium briareum (Bergh, 1896) | Bunaken, Tiwoho | 2–7 m; abundant | see text and Table 2 | |||
| Phyllodesmium poindimiei (Risbec, 1928) | Bunaken | 17 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Facelina rhodopos (Yonow, 2000) | Manado Tua | 15 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Pteraeolidia semperi (Bergh, 1870) | Bunaken, Manado Tua, Siladen, Tiwoho | 4–15 m; common | nothing published | |||
| Flabellinidae Bergh, 1889 | Flabellina bicolor (Kelaart, 1858) | Siladen, Tiwoho | 3–6 m; rare | nothing published | ||
| Flabellina exoptata (Gosliner and Willan, 1991) | Bunaken, Siladen | 5–8 m; uncommon | see text and Table 2 | |||
| Flabellina rubrolineata (O’Donoghue, 1929) | Bunaken | 6 m; rare | nothing published | |||
| Proctonotidae Gray, 1853 | Janolus sp. (sp. 11 Gosliner et al., 2015: 308) | Bunaken | 7 m; rare | nothing published |
a Abundance is classified as: abundant: >40, common 20–39, uncommon 4–19, rare 1–3 specimens.