Figure 2.

Cytokine signaling of cancer cells on modulation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. Cytokine signaling pathways utilized by pancreatic and prostatic tumor cells through an autocrine-signaling mechanism to elevate their own growth, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. In addition, upregulation of these signaling molecules also renders tumor cells a more mesenchymal-like phenotype, which in turn, promotes metastasis. TF: transcription factor; IL-8: interleukin-8; AR: androgen receptor; EMT: epithelial mesenchymal transition; p: phosphorylated.