Table 3.
Regression-adjusted health outcome differences across BMI categories among those with T2DM, prediabetes, and hypertension
| Dependent variable | BMI group | T2DM (n=819)
|
Prediabetes (n=425)
|
Hypertension (n=825)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted mean | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted mean | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted mean | 95% CI | P value | ||
| EQ-5D: VAS | Overweight (25–<30) | 78.07 | 76.71–79.42 | 0.8418 | 82.64 | 79.26–86.02 | 0.6453 | 78.06 | 76.66–79.46 | 0.0008 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 75.98 | 74.00–77.96 | 0.090 | 79.79 | 76.30–83.28 | 0.0898 | 77.06 | 75.34–78.78 | 0.0001 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 75.48 | 73.08–77.87 | 0.0649 | 76.66 | 72.26–81.06 | 0.0108 | 74.95 | 72.65–77.26 | <.0001 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 78.29 | 76.52–80.07 | 83.65 | 78.85–88.44 | 81.84 | 80.15–83.54 | ||||
| EQ-5D: health utility | Overweight (25–<30) | 0.80 | 0.79–0.82 | 0.5873 | 0.84 | 0.79–0.88 | 0.5398 | 0.79 | 0.78–0.81 | 0.1221 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 0.77 | 0.75–0.79 | 0.0172 | 0.83 | 0.78–0.87 | 0.353 | 0.77 | 0.75–0.80 | 0.0079 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 0.76 | 0.73–0.79 | 0.0043 | 0.76 | 0.71–0.81 | 0.0067 | 0.74 | 0.72–0.77 | <.0001 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 0.81 | 0.79–0.83 | 0.85 | 0.79–0.91 | 0.81 | 0.79–0.84 | ||||
| Absenteeism % | Overweight (25–<30) | 7.86 | 6.10–10.15 | 0.8587 | – | – | – | 7.11 | 5.52–9.16 | 0.3639 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 7.38 | 5.09–10.71 | 0.6908 | – | – | – | 6.71 | 4.91–9.18 | 0.5701 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 8.06 | 5.07–12.79 | 0.9644 | – | – | – | 5.81 | 3.77–8.95 | 0.9525 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 8.16 | 5.91–11.28 | – | – | – | 5.91 | 4.36–8.01 | |||
| Presenteeism % | Overweight (25–<30) | 22.97 | 20–26.37 | 0.4691 | 15.04 | 8.49–26.65 | 0.3674 | 23.39 | 20.4–26.81 | 0.6156 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 28.24 | 23.05–34.59 | 0.3719 | 21.33 | 11.81–38.53 | 0.0614 | 27.48 | 23.2–32.54 | 0.075 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 26.59 | 20.64–34.27 | 0.6934 | 39.12 | 18.16–84.3 | 0.0033 | 28.14 | 22.24–35.6 | 0.1067 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 24.96 | 20.87–29.85 | 10.99 | 5.19–23.3 | 22.13 | 18.77–26.1 | ||||
| Overall work impairment % | Overweight (25–<30) | 26.62 | 23.44–30.23 | 0.2985 | 18.48 | 10.51–32.5 | 0.2601 | 27.17 | 23.89–30.9 | 0.5143 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 31.55 | 26.17–38.03 | 0.6386 | 24.6 | 13.69–44.18 | 0.0548 | 30.66 | 26.15–35.94 | 0.0999 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 30.49 | 24.15–38.5 | 0.8618 | 40.14 | 18.81–85.69 | 0.0063 | 31.4 | 25.17–39.16 | 0.1299 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 29.72 | 25.21–35.04 | 12.49 | 5.95–26.21 | 25.4 | 21.75–29.66 | ||||
| Activity impairment % | Overweight (25–<30) | 23.94 | 21.12–27.13 | 0.8742 | 15.12 | 8.42–27.17 | 0.4741 | 23.40 | 20.61–26.56 | 0.5419 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 28.88 | 24.09–34.62 | 0.0982 | 15.84 | 8.8–28.51 | 0.4129 | 28.30 | 24.22–33.07 | 0.0247 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 30.25 | 24.12–37.93 | 0.0793 | 28.87 | 13.59–61.33 | 0.0411 | 32.38 | 26.09–40.18 | 0.0047 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 23.55 | 20.09–27.61 | 11.69 | 5.4–25.3 | 21.99 | 18.9–25.6 | ||||
| Number of provider visits | Overweight (25–<30) | 4.21 | 3.84–4.62 | 0.124 | 2.75 | 2.14–3.54 | 0.7135 | 3.96 | 3.6–4.37 | 0.5938 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 4.87 | 4.27–5.55 | 0.7715 | 2.84 | 2.21–3.66 | 0.5945 | 4.13 | 3.68–4.65 | 0.9957 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 4.79 | 4.09–5.62 | 0.9137 | 3.12 | 2.26–4.3 | 0.3667 | 4.46 | 3.82–5.21 | 0.4361 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 4.74 | 4.21–5.34 | 2.59 | 1.8–3.73 | 4.13 | 3.68–4.64 | ||||
| Number of ER visits | Overweight (25–<30) | 0.42 | 0.33–0.55 | 0.9373 | 0.16 | 0.07–0.37 | 0.5282 | 0.46 | 0.36–0.6 | 0.1387 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 0.72 | 0.52–0.98 | 0.0271 | 0.23 | 0.1–0.53 | 0.2616 | 0.58 | 0.43–0.78 | 0.0161 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 0.41 | 0.27–0.63 | 0.8506 | 0.22 | 0.08–0.61 | 0.3459 | 0.34 | 0.21–0.52 | 0.97 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 0.43 | 0.31–0.6 | 0.10 | 0.02–0.42 | 0.34 | 0.24–0.47 | ||||
| Number of hospitalizations | Overweight (25–<30) | 0.27 | 0.2–0.35 | 0.0366 | 0.11 | 0.05–0.28 | 0.2057 | 0.29 | 0.21–0.39 | 0.765 |
| Obese class I (30–<35) | 0.49 | 0.36–0.68 | 0.3783 | 0.14 | 0.05–0.36 | 0.328 | 0.36 | 0.26–0.51 | 0.5188 | |
| Obese class II–III (35+) | 0.31 | 0.2–0.48 | 0.3045 | 0.19 | 0.06–0.6 | 0.6293 | 0.28 | 0.17–0.46 | 0.7473 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 0.41 | 0.3–0.55 | 0.27 | 0.07–1.03 | 0.31 | 0.22–0.44 | ||||
Notes: All models were controlled for sex, age, marital status, education, exercise frequency, and the CCI. The absenteeism model failed to converge in the prediabetes subsample. P<0.05. ‘–’ indicates non-convergence.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; EQ-5D EuroQoL-5D; VAS, visual analog scale; ER, emergency room; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index.