Table 4.

Summary of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis in the Sagittal Plane.

Spondylolisthesis	Summary
Etiology	Translation of vertebra with respect to vertebra below No modification to the pars interarticularis Abnormal weight distribution, soft tissue laxity, and instability Excessive joint play and buckling of the IVD posterior annular fibers Abnormal spinal alignment and positional loading of the lumbar spine May present with low back pain, radiculopathy, or no symptoms
Incidence	6–31% of the United States population suffers from degenerative spondylolisthesis
Gender Ratio	Females:Males is 5:1.
Age Predilection	Increase in prevalence from 50 to 90 years 0% of <40-years-olds; 2.1% of 40–49-years-olds, 10.8% of 50–59-years-olds, 41.7% of 60–69-years-olds, and 16.7% of ≥70-years-olds
Risk Factors	Increased age, sex, increased facet sagittalization, lumbar hypolordosis, increased BMI in females, and past pregnancies Abnormal spinal alignment Correlation with spinopelvic sagittal alignment factors
Treatment	Spinal fusion surgery to stabilize Non-surgical methods include active physical therapy, education or counseling for exercising, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, homeopathic remedies, soft tissue massage, trigger point therapy, spinal mobilization techniques to restricted areas, cryotherapy, and chiropractic
Prognosis	Degenerative condition unless the spine is stabilized
Findings on Imaging	Most common level is L4-L5 X-ray imaging shows extent of segmental translation MRI shows extent of soft tissue damage